Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on the ovaries. While they are quite common and often harmless, they can sometimes cause discomfort and complications.
An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled or semi-solid pocket that forms in or on one of your ovaries. They are quite common, especially during pregnancy or before menopause. Most of the time, ovarian cysts are harmless and painless, often occurring without any noticeable symptoms. In fact, you might have a cyst every month as part of your menstrual cycle without even realizing it.
Ovarian cysts can affect anyone with ovaries and typically resolve on their own without needing any treatment. However, complications can arise if a cyst persists, grows larger, causes bleeding, or becomes painful. While it’s rare, there is a slight possibility that an ovarian cyst could be cancerous.
Causes
The underlying cause of ovarian cysts can vary depending on factors such as your menstrual cycle status. If you still menstruate, common causes of ovarian cysts include:
- Ovulation: Functional cysts often result when a follicle fails to rupture and release an egg during ovulation.
- Endometriosis: Advanced stages of endometriosis can lead to the development of endometrioma cysts.
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): Pelvic infections may result in the formation of pus-filled cysts on or near the ovaries.
- Abnormal cell growth: Abnormal ovarian cell growth can lead to the formation of dermoid or cystadenoma cysts.
Other causes of ovarian cysts in individuals who still menstruate include:
- Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
- Pregnancy
- Noncancerous growths
- Cancer
For individuals who have undergone menopause, ovarian cysts may be caused by:
- Noncancerous growths
- Accumulation of fluid in the ovary
- Cancer
Prevalence
Ovarian cysts are quite prevalent, with many women developing them at some point in their lives. In fact, most women will have at least one cyst during their menstrual cycle without even realizing it. However, not all cysts cause symptoms or require treatment.
Types of Ovarian Cysts
- Functional cysts: These cysts are a natural part of your menstrual cycle and usually disappear within 2 to 3 months. The two main types are:
- Follicle cyst: Forms when a follicle, which usually releases an egg during ovulation, fails to rupture and continues to grow.
- Corpus luteum cyst: Occurs when the follicle that releases an egg becomes a cyst after ovulation due to fluid accumulation.
- Non-functional cysts: These cysts do not develop as part of the menstrual cycle and may not indicate a serious health issue. However, they may be monitored by your doctor to ensure they do not cause complications. Some common non-functional cysts include:
- Dermoid cyst: Formed from cells that produce eggs and may contain tissues such as hair, skin, or teeth.
- Cystadenoma: Arises from the cells covering the ovary and often contains watery fluid or mucus, sometimes growing larger than functional cysts.
- Endometrioma: Also known as chocolate cysts, these cysts are associated with endometriosis, a condition where uterine-like tissue grows outside the uterus, including within the ovaries.
- Ovarian cancer: Although rare, ovarian cysts can be caused by cancer, and these masses are typically solid rather than fluid-filled.
Additionally, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition characterized by the presence of many small cysts containing immature eggs in the ovaries. PCOS can lead to irregular menstrual cycles and difficulties with ovulation.
Symptoms
Most ovarian cysts are small and typically don’t cause any noticeable symptoms. However, as they grow larger, they can lead to various discomforts. Symptoms of an ovarian cyst may include:
- Pelvic pain or pressure.
- Dull ache in the lower back.
- Bloating or a feeling of fullness.
- Nausea.
- Swelling in the abdominal area.
- Pain during sexual intercourse.
- Pain during menstruation.
- Frequent urge to urinate or have a bowel movement.
The location of ovarian cyst pain can vary, often manifesting on one side of the lower abdomen or in the back. The pain may range from sharp to dull and can be intermittent. While most cysts resolve on their own, you should consult a doctor if the cyst grows large, causes symptoms, or ruptures.
Symptoms of a Ruptured Ovarian Cyst:
When an ovarian cyst ruptures, you may experience sudden pain, although some individuals may not feel anything at the time of rupture. Discomfort may persist for a few days afterward. Additionally, vaginal spotting or bleeding may occur following a cyst rupture. Symptoms of a burst ovarian cyst may include:
- Sharp, sudden pain in the lower abdomen or back.
- Persistent bloating.
- Abnormal vaginal spotting or bleeding.
In some cases, a ruptured ovarian cyst can be a medical emergency. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience:
- Sudden, severe abdominal pain.
- Pain accompanied by fever and vomiting.
- Dizziness, weakness, or fainting.
- Rapid breathing.
If you suspect internal bleeding from a ruptured ovarian cyst, such as worsening abdominal pain or signs of significant blood loss like dizziness or weakness, call 911 or go to the hospital promptly. Surgery may be necessary to control the bleeding.
Difference Between Ovarian Cysts and Ovarian Cancer:
While less than 1% of ovarian cysts are cancerous, the distinction between ovarian cysts and ovarian cancer can be challenging based on symptoms alone. Both conditions may present similar symptoms, including:
- Bloating and pressure in the abdomen.
- Frequent urination.
- Lower abdominal or pelvic pain.
- Lower back pain.
- Fatigue.
- Changes in bowel habits, including constipation.
- Unexplained weight loss.
However, in cases of ovarian cysts, unusual hair growth on the body and face may occur, which is not typically associated with ovarian cancer. To differentiate between the two conditions, your doctor may conduct ultrasound imaging or other diagnostic tests. If ovarian cancer is suspected, you may be referred to a specialist for further evaluation and management.
Risk Factors
Several factors can increase the likelihood of developing ovarian cysts, including:
- Age: Ovarian cysts are most common during the menstrual cycle years and become less frequent before puberty and after menopause.
- Hormonal problems: Conditions affecting hormone levels, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), can elevate the risk of ovarian cysts.
- Use of fertility drugs: Certain fertility medications, like clomiphene (Clomid), used to induce ovulation, can increase the risk of cyst formation.
- Pregnancy: Cysts formed during ovulation may persist on the ovary during pregnancy.
- Endometriosis: Individuals with endometriosis have a higher risk of developing ovarian cysts, particularly in severe cases.
- Pelvic infections: Serious pelvic infections that spread to the ovaries can lead to cyst formation.
- Previous ovarian cyst: Having a history of ovarian cysts increases the likelihood of developing additional cysts in the future.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing ovarian cysts typically involves a combination of medical history assessment, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Here are some common diagnostic methods:
- Pelvic Exam: During a pelvic exam, your doctor may detect the presence of a cyst by feeling your abdomen and pelvic area. They will also inquire about any pain or other symptoms you may be experiencing.
- Pregnancy Test: A positive pregnancy test result may indicate the presence of a corpus luteum cyst, which forms after ovulation.
- Pelvic Ultrasound: This non-invasive imaging technique uses sound waves to create images of the uterus and ovaries. A pelvic ultrasound can confirm the presence of a cyst, determine its location, and assess its characteristics, whether fluid-filled, solid, or mixed.
- Laparoscopy: In cases where further examination or treatment is necessary, your doctor may recommend laparoscopy. During this minimally invasive procedure, a thin instrument equipped with a light and camera is inserted into the abdomen through a small incision. This allows for direct visualization of the ovaries, and any cysts can be identified and, if needed, removed.
- Blood Test: If a cyst appears partially solid on imaging, your doctor may order a blood test to measure levels of a protein called CA 125 (cancer antigen 125). Elevated CA 125 levels can be associated with ovarian cancer, as well as other conditions such as uterine fibroids, endometriosis, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
How Dangerous is ovarian Cysts
Ovarian cysts are typically not dangerous; however, they can lead to complications in some cases. Here are some potential complications associated with ovarian cysts:
- Ovarian torsion: When cysts grow large, they can cause the ovary to move and twist, a condition known as ovarian torsion. This twisting can be extremely painful and may cause nausea or vomiting.
- Rupture: Large cysts can rupture or break open, resulting in severe pain and bleeding, especially during vigorous activities or sexual intercourse. While some ruptured cysts may heal on their own, others can be a medical emergency.
- Infected ovarian cyst: An ovarian cyst can become infected, leading to the formation of an abscess. If the abscess ruptures, harmful bacteria can spread throughout the body, potentially causing sepsis, a life-threatening condition.
Treatment
Treatment for ovarian cysts varies depending on the size, type, and symptoms of the cyst, as well as other factors such as age and overall health. Here are the common treatment options:
- Watching and Waiting:
- Many ovarian cysts resolve on their own without intervention. Your doctor may recommend a watchful waiting approach, where they monitor the cyst over time through regular check-ups and imaging tests to see if it resolves or changes.
- Medication:
- While there isn’t a specific medication to treat ovarian cysts, your doctor may prescribe pain relievers if you’re experiencing discomfort.
- Hormonal medications, such as birth control pills or hormonal therapy, may be prescribed to regulate the menstrual cycle and prevent the formation of new cysts. While these treatments won’t make existing cysts disappear, they can help prevent new ones from forming.
- Surgery:
- Surgical removal of ovarian cysts may be necessary in certain cases, such as when the cyst is large, persistent, or causing severe symptoms. Surgery may also be recommended if there is a concern that the cyst could be cancerous, especially in individuals near or past menopause.
- There are two main types of surgical procedures used to remove ovarian cysts:
- Laparoscopy: A minimally invasive procedure where small incisions are made in the abdomen, and a camera-guided instrument is used to visualize and remove the cyst. Patients typically recover quickly and may go home the same day.
- Laparotomy: A more invasive procedure involving a larger incision in the abdomen to access the ovary and cyst. This type of surgery is more commonly used for larger cysts or when there is suspicion of ovarian cancer.
Home Care Tips
While treatment for ovarian cysts often requires medical intervention, there are some home care tips that may help alleviate symptoms and promote overall pelvic health. These include:
- Applying heat: Placing a heating pad or warm compress on the abdomen may help relieve pelvic pain and discomfort.
- Staying hydrated: Drinking plenty of water can help flush toxins from the body and promote overall ovarian health.
- Maintaining a healthy diet: Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can support hormone balance and reduce inflammation.
Prevention
While ovarian cysts cannot always be prevented, certain lifestyle changes may help reduce the risk of developing them. These include:
- Maintaining a healthy weight: Obesity and excess weight can increase the risk of hormonal imbalances and ovarian cysts.
- Practicing safe sex: Using barrier methods of contraception can help reduce the risk of pelvic infections, which can contribute to the development of ovarian cysts.
- Regular pelvic exams: Routine pelvic exams can help detect ovarian cysts early and monitor them for any changes or complications.
When to See a Doctor
If you experience persistent or severe pelvic pain, sudden abdominal pain, or any other concerning symptoms, it’s important to see a healthcare provider promptly. Additionally, if you have a known history of ovarian cysts or other gynecological conditions, regular follow-up appointments are essential for monitoring your health.
FAQs
- What are the first symptoms of an ovarian cyst?
- Initial symptoms of an ovarian cyst may include sharp pain or pressure on one side of the body. However, some individuals may not experience any symptoms.
- How serious is a cyst on your ovaries?
- Ovarian cysts typically do not cause significant problems. However, they can grow large, causing pain or rupture. Some cysts may also interfere with fertility. Rarely, ovarian cysts may be cancerous.
- What are the serious symptoms of an ovarian cyst?
- Serious symptoms of an ovarian cyst include nausea, vomiting, abdominal or back pain, lightheadedness, weakness, or signs of internal bleeding if the cyst causes ovarian torsion or rupture.
- How worried should I be about an ovarian cyst?
- Ovarian cysts are common and often resolve without complications. However, inform your doctor about any new or persistent symptoms, especially if you experience constant bloating, unexplained weight loss, or severe abdominal pain.
Outlook/Prognosis
For most women, ovarian cysts are benign and resolve on their own without causing any long-term complications. However, in some cases, cysts may persist, grow larger, or cause symptoms that require medical intervention. By staying informed about the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for ovarian cysts, women can take proactive steps to protect their reproductive health and well-being.
Sources
- Mayo Clinic. (2022). Ovarian cysts: Symptoms & causes.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2021). FAQ: Ovarian cysts.
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2020). Ovarian cysts fact sheet.
- Cleveland Clinic. (2022). Ovarian Cysts.
- American Academy of Family Physicians
- Office on Women’s Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- StatPearls
- UpToDate
- Moffitt Cancer Center
- Cedars Sina
- Emory University School of Medicine
- Ovarian Cancer Research Allianc
- Mount Sinai Hospital
- Lourdes Health System
- The Center for Innovative Gyn Care
- Johns Hopkins Medicine
- American Cancer Society