TICK BITES

32

Ticks may be tiny, but their bites can pack a punch. While many tick bites are harmless, these critters can transmit serious diseases. Here’s what you need to know to stay safe:

Unlike mosquito bites that disappear quickly, tick bites are different. Ticks burrow into your skin and stay there for days, feeding on your blood. You might not even notice them at first because the bite itself is usually painless and doesn’t itch.

Since ticks are small, you might mistake them for a speck of dirt. But as they feed, they swell up and become easier to spot. Look for them in warm, moist areas like your scalp, behind your ears, armpits, groin, and between your fingers and toes.

Signs of a Tick Bite

Even without disease, tick bites can cause a reaction on your skin. Here’s what to watch for:

• A small, hard bump or sore
• Redness around the bite
• Swelling

Unlike other bites, tick bites usually don’t have pus or fluid unless they’re infected.

Beware the Bull’s-Eye Rash

While not everyone with a tick-borne disease gets a rash, Lyme disease is often associated with a bull’s-eye rash. It appears within days to weeks of the bite and starts as a red circle around the bite mark. This circle expands over time and might feel warm but not itchy.

Remember: Not everyone develops the classic bull’s-eye rash. The rash can vary in color and shape depending on your skin tone.

Other Tick-Borne Disease Symptoms

Tick bites can also cause flu-like symptoms, including:

• Body aches
• Chills
• Fatigue
• Fever
• Headache

With Lyme disease, you might also experience joint pain.

Tick-borne illnesses that lead to rash

Only certain tick-borne illnesses lead to a rash, and the appearance of the rash can vary depending on the specific disease:

1. Lyme Disease: Most individuals with Lyme disease develop a rash, although not everyone does. This rash usually appears within 3 to 30 days after being bitten but often takes over a week to manifest fully. Initially, it may resemble a reaction to the bite, but it gradually enlarges over days or weeks, typically reaching about 6 inches in diameter. While the classic “bull’s-eye” rash is commonly associated with Lyme disease, it occurs in less than half of cases and usually appears after the rash has been present for some time. The appearance of the rash can differ depending on skin tone, with lighter skin showing fainter color and borders, while darker skin may exhibit less visibility. A crusted center may also develop within the rash, appearing as a deeper-colored patch on darker skin or a red scabby area on lighter skin. Lyme disease rashes can vary in shape and color, with redder and bluer hues on lighter skin and deeper blue or purple hues on darker skin.
2. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF): Individuals with RMSF typically develop a rash 2 to 5 days after the onset of symptoms. This rash varies in appearance but usually begins as small, flat, pink spots on the wrists and ankles before spreading to other parts of the body. In approximately half of cases, the spots may turn red or purple after about a week. The visibility of the rash may differ based on skin tone, with lighter skin showing more noticeable spots compared to fainter spots on darker skin.
3. Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness (STARI): Similar to Lyme disease, STARI presents with a red bull’s-eye rash surrounding the tick bite site.
4. Tularemia: With tularemia, the most common form results in a painful open sore at the tick bite location.
5. Ehrlichiosis: Children are more likely than adults to develop a rash with ehrlichiosis, which can range from small, flat, red, or purple spots to red areas covered with small bumps.

Removing a Tick Safely

If you find a tick on your skin, don’t panic. Here’s how to remove it safely:

1. Grab your tweezers: Don’t touch the tick with your bare hands. Use pointed tweezers to grasp the tick firmly near its head (where it’s attached to your skin).
2. Pull straight out: Gently pull the tick straight out, without twisting or squeezing. Make sure you remove the entire tick, including its head.
3. Save the tick: Place the tick in a sealed container. This can help your doctor identify the type of tick and determine if it carries diseases.
4. Clean the bite area: Wash your hands and the bite site thoroughly with soap and water. This helps remove any remaining saliva from the tick.

Prompt treatment is crucial if you suspect a tick-borne illness. If the bite is infected or you develop a disease, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to combat the infection or disease.

When to Call Your Doctor

See a doctor if:

• You can’t remove the entire tick
• You develop a rash, even if it goes away
• You experience flu-like symptoms with or without a rash
• Notice red streaks or pus coming from the bite (signs of infection)

Seek Immediate Medical Attention

Head to the emergency room for life-threatening reactions like:

• Anaphylaxis: This allergic reaction requires immediate medical attention.
• Tick paralysis: This causes temporary paralysis that usually goes away after removing the tick. However, seek emergency care if you experience paralysis.
• Inability to move your arms, legs, or part of your face.
• Difficulty breathing.
• Irregular heartbeat or severe chest pain.
• Severe headache.
• Weakness in arms or legs

Preventing Tick Bites

Reduce your risk of tick bites by taking preventative measures before going outdoors and conducting thorough checks upon returning indoors. Follow these tips:

• Be aware of tick habitats: Ticks are commonly found in long grassy areas, brush, or wooded regions. Take precautions when camping, gardening, hunting, or spending time outdoors.
• Use permethrin-treated clothing: Apply products containing 0.5% permethrin to clothes, shoes, and gear to repel ticks.
• Apply insect repellents: Use repellents containing DEET, picaridin, IR3535, oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE), para-menthane-diol (PMD), or 2-undecanone on exposed skin to deter ticks and other insects.
• Stay on designated trails: Minimize contact with trees, plants, or grass by walking in the center of trails.
• Conduct tick checks: Regularly inspect your body, pets, clothing, and gear for ticks after outdoor activities. Utilize a mirror for hard-to-see areas, and remember to check your scalp.
• Shower promptly: Take a shower within two hours of outdoor exposure to reduce the risk of tick-borne diseases. Thoroughly wash with soap and water to remove any ticks. Additionally, launder clothing on hot to eliminate hidden ticks.

Sources

1. John Hopkins Medicine, Rheumatology: “What to Do After a Tick Bite.”
2. CDC: “Symptoms of Tickborne Illness,” “Preventing Tick Bites,” “The Many Forms of Lyme Disease Rashes.”
3. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station: “Tick Management Handbook.”
4. Columbia University Medical Center, Lyme and Tick-Borne Diseases Research Center: “Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.”
5. Australian Government, Department of Health: “Tick Bite Prevention.”
6. Johns Hopkins Medicine: “Bites and Stings: Insects.”
7. InformedHealth.org: “Tick bites: What are ticks and how can they be removed?”
8. American Academy of Family Physicians: “Lyme Disease.”
9. American Osteopathic College of Dermatology: “Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.”
10. Mayo Clinic: “Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever,” “Lyme Disease,” “Tick Bites: First Aid.”
11. Arkansas Department of Health: “Tickborne Diseases.”
12. Illinois Department of Public Health: “Common Ticks.”
13. Seattle Children’s: “Tick Bite.”