Syphilis SYPHILIS by Justina April 18, 2024 written by Justina Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a bacteria that spreads through vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an infected person. Without treatment, it can pose serious health risks, including sores and a skin rash. However, antibiotic medication is effective in treating syphilis and preventing its complications. If left untreated, syphilis can lead to severe consequences such as blindness, damage to the brain, heart, eyes, and nervous system. Causes of Syphilis Syphilis is caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum, which is transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an infected individual. The bacteria can enter the body through various routes, including the anus, vagina, penis, mouth, or through broken skin. Once inside the body, the bacteria spread throughout, potentially causing damage to organs over time. Prevalence Syphilis affects a significant number of people each year, with approximately 134,000 cases reported in 2020 according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The infection is more prevalent among men and individuals assigned male at birth (AMAB), particularly among men who have sex with men (MSM), who are diagnosed with this sexually transmitted infection more frequently than any other group. Risk factors Anyone who engages in sexual activity is at risk of contracting syphilis, but certain factors can increase your risk, including: Engaging in unprotected sex, especially with multiple partners. Being a man who has sex with men (MSM). Having HIV. Having sexual contact with someone who has tested positive for this sexually transmitted infection. Testing positive for another sexually transmitted infection (STI) such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, or herpes. The spread Syphilis spreads through direct contact, especially during the primary and secondary stages when sores, ulcers, or a rash are present. It primarily transmits through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Importantly, transmission can occur even without penetration or ejaculation. Simply touching the sore or rash of an infected individual can lead to transmission. Contagiousness If you have syphilis and engage in sexual activity, you can transmit the infection to your partner. Additionally, if you’re pregnant and have syphilis, you can pass it to your fetus. However, it’s essential to note that this sexually transmitted infection cannot be contracted through contact with objects such as toilet seats, utensils, or doorknobs. This is because the bacteria responsible for syphilis cannot survive on surfaces. The contagiousness of syphilis persists even in the absence of outward symptoms like sores or rashes. Without treatment, the infection remains in the body, making the individual contagious regardless of visible symptoms. Therefore, seeking prompt treatment upon suspicion of infection or exposure is crucial. While uncommon, it is possible to contract syphilis through kissing if there is direct contact with a syphilis sore. Even minor breaks in the skin can facilitate transmission. This underscores the importance of seeking treatment if one suspects they have this sexually transmitted infection or have been exposed to it. Stages of Syphilis This sexually transmitted infectionprogresses through four stages, each with its own set of symptoms and risks: Primary Syphilis: This initial stage occurs within two to 12 weeks after exposure to the infection. It manifests as a painless sore called a chancre on the genitals or mouth, which heals on its own within a few weeks or months. Despite the sore disappearing, the infection remains. Without treatment, the infection progresses to the next stage, and transmission is possible through sexual contact. Secondary Syphilis: Around one to six months after the chancre heals, a rough, bumpy rash appears, covering the body including the palms and soles. Other symptoms may include fever, fatigue, muscle aches, weight loss, headaches, and swollen lymph nodes. Transmission remains possible during this stage. Symptoms can come and go for months or years, but treatment is necessary to eliminate the infection. Latent Syphilis: If untreated, the infection progresses to this stage, characterized by no outward signs or symptoms. Some individuals may experience occasional mild symptoms. However, without treatment, latent syphilis can damage various organs and can last up to 20 years. Transmission during this stage is rare. Late (Tertiary) Syphilis: Approximately 20% of untreated individuals progress to this phase, which causes severe health issues such as brain damage, heart disease, movement disorders, nerve damage, seizures, and vision problems, including blindness. Progression to this stage is slow and may not occur for years after initial infection. Appearance In its early stages, this sexually transmitted infection presents distinct visual symptoms: Primary Stage: A small, painless sore known as a chancre appears on the genitals, mouth, or lips. It can resemble a harmless pimple and may go unnoticed. This sore typically heals on its own within about six weeks. Secondary Stage: A rough, red, or brown rash emerges, starting in one area and eventually spreading to cover the entire body, including the palms and soles. Skin rashes and sores may also occur in the mouth, vagina, or anus during this stage. Affected body parts This sexually transmitted infection affects the entire body, but its initial sign is typically the appearance of a chancre, which develops at the site where the bacteria, Treponema pallidum, entered the body during sexual contact. The following areas are commonly affected: For individuals assigned female at birth (AFAB): Vulva (external genitals) Vagina Anus or rectum Lips or mouth For individuals assigned male at birth (AMAB): Penis or scrotum Under the foreskin of the penis Anus or rectum Lips or mouth Symptoms of Syphilis Symptoms of this sexually transmitted infection vary depending on the stage of the infection. You are most contagious during the early stages when symptoms are likely to be present. In the first stage, one or more painless sores may appear on the genitals, which could go unnoticed or mistaken for a pimple or other skin lesion. During the second stage, a rash may develop along with flu-like symptoms such as fatigue, fever, sore throat, and muscle aches. After the second stage, syphilis enters a latent stage where symptoms are hidden. However, the absence of symptoms does not indicate that the infection has resolved. The only effective way to treat this sexually transmitted infection and prevent its progression is through medication. Complications Untreated syphilis can lead to severe and potentially life-threatening complications as the infection progresses to its final stage. The longer the sexually transmitted infection goes untreated, the more damage it can cause to the body. Therefore, prompt treatment is crucial to prevent these complications. Some of the health complications associated with untreated syphilis include: Blindness: this sexually transmitted infection can cause damage to the eyes, leading to vision impairment and even blindness. Paralysis: Damage to the nervous system caused by this sexually transmitted infection can result in paralysis or loss of muscle function. Cardiovascular problems: This sexually transmitted infection can affect the heart and blood vessels, leading to conditions such as heart disease and aneurysms. Neurological problems: The infection can damage the brain and spinal cord, resulting in neurological disorders such as dementia, cognitive impairment, and movement disorders. Organ damage: Untreated syphilis can harm various organs in the body, including the liver, kidneys, and bones. Given the serious nature of these complications, it’s essential to seek diagnosis and treatment for this sexually transmitted infection as soon as possible to prevent long-term health problems. Diagnosis Diagnosing this sexually transmitted infection typically involves a few steps to ensure accurate results: Medical History: Your healthcare provider will inquire about your sexual history, including practices related to safe sex. It’s crucial to provide honest answers during this discussion, as it helps your provider assess your risk factors and determine the appropriate tests for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Physical Examination: Your provider will conduct a physical examination, looking for any signs or symptoms of this sexually transmitted infection, such as sores or rashes. Blood Tests: A blood sample will be collected to test for the presence of antibodies that indicate a syphilis infection. These antibodies are produced by the body in response to the Treponema pallidum bacteria, the causative agent of syphilis. Additional Tests: In some cases, your provider may need to obtain fluid or a small sample from a syphilis sore (chancre) for further examination under a microscope. This step helps confirm the diagnosis, especially if there are visible symptoms. Laboratory Confirmation: The definitive diagnosis of syphilis is made through laboratory testing of the blood sample. These tests can detect the presence of antibodies to the syphilis bacteria, confirming the infection. Visiting your healthcare provider for testing is the only way to accurately diagnose this sexually transmitted infection. It’s essential to undergo testing if you suspect you may have been exposed to the infection or if you experience any symptoms suggestive of syphilis. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for effectively managing the infection and preventing complications. Treatment Syphilis is effectively treated with antibiotics, which are medications designed to combat bacterial infections. The most commonly prescribed antibiotic for syphilis is penicillin. The dosage and duration of antibiotic treatment depend on the stage of syphilis and the presence of symptoms. It’s crucial to complete the full course of antibiotics prescribed by your healthcare provider, even if your symptoms improve or disappear. Additionally, it’s important to inform any sexual partners you’ve had within the past two years about your syphilis diagnosis so they can seek testing and treatment if necessary. After completing treatment, your healthcare provider will perform follow-up blood tests to ensure the infection has been eradicated. However, it’s essential to continue practicing safe sex and undergo regular testing if you’re at an increased risk of syphilis, as reinfection is possible. While syphilis is curable with antibiotics, it’s important to note that any damage to organs caused by the infection cannot be reversed. Therefore, early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial to prevent long-term complications. Prevention To reduce the risk of contracting syphilis, as well as other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), several preventive measures can be taken: Abstinence: Refraining from sexual activity is the only sure way to prevent syphilis and other STIs. Consistent Condom Use: If sexually active, consistently using condoms or dental dams during sexual intercourse can significantly reduce the risk of infection. It’s important to use condoms correctly to maximize their effectiveness in lowering the risk of transmission. Open Communication with Partners: Have open and honest conversations with sexual partners about their sexual history and whether they have been tested for STIs. If a partner has syphilis or any other STI, it’s crucial that they receive treatment to prevent reinfection and further spread of the infection. Syphilis and Pregnancy Syphilis can indeed lead to serious complications during pregnancy if left untreated. If you have syphilis and do not receive treatment, you risk passing the infection to your baby. This can result in severe consequences, with up to 40% of infants born to untreated individuals succumbing to the infection. Transmission usually occurs during pregnancy, but it can also happen during delivery if the baby comes into contact with a syphilis sore in the birth canal. When a baby is born with syphilis due to transmission from the mother, it is termed congenital syphilis. Congenital Syphilis, which happens when a pregnant person passes the infection to the fetus. It can lead to severe health complications and even death in babies and young children. Pregnant individuals should be screened for STIs early in prenatal care, and immediate treatment is crucial if syphilis is detected to prevent congenital syphilis. This condition can lead to various complications, including: Miscarriage Premature birth Low birth weight (less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces) Issues with the umbilical cord Stillbirth Death within the first 28 days of life if the mother does not receive treatment for the sexually transmitted infection. When to see a healthcare provider If you develop skin ulcers or a rash on your genitals or mouth, it’s important not to delay seeking medical attention. Contact a healthcare provider promptly for testing and treatment. Early intervention reduces the likelihood of long-term complications associated with this sexually transmitted infection. These potential complications highlight the importance of attending prenatal visits and undergoing STI testing during pregnancy. Early detection and treatment before 26 weeks of pregnancy yield the best outcomes for both the mother and the baby. Outlook for individuals diagnosed with syphilis Early Treatment: Antibiotics are highly effective in treating syphilis, especially in its early stages. When diagnosed and treated promptly, syphilis typically does not cause long-term health problems. Potential Complications: However, if left untreated, syphilis can lead to severe health complications, affecting various organs such as the heart, bones, brain, eyes, muscles, and nerves. In severe cases, this sexually transmitted infections can be fatal. Risk of Reinfection: It is possible to contract syphilis again after being treated for the infection. Therefore, practicing safe sex and undergoing regular testing for STIs are essential for individuals at high risk of infection. Living with syphilis Taking care of yourself if you’ve been diagnosed with syphilis or any other sexually transmitted infection (STI) involves several important steps: Seek Immediate Medical Care: Syphilis and other STIs require prompt medical attention from a healthcare provider. Complete the prescribed treatment regimen to prevent further spread of the infection. Inform Sexual Partners: Contact anyone with whom you’ve had sexual contact to inform them of your diagnosis. Encourage them to seek testing and treatment as well to prevent reinfection and the spread of the infection. Practice Safe Sex: Consistently use condoms or dental dams during sexual activity to reduce the risk of contracting or transmitting syphilis and other STIs. Regular Testing: Get tested for syphilis and other STIs regularly, especially if you’re sexually active or have multiple sexual partners. Early detection allows for timely treatment and minimizes the risk of complications. Limit Sexual Partners: Minimize the number of sexual partners you have to reduce your risk of contracting syphilis and other STIs. Open Communication: Don’t hesitate to discuss sexual history with new partners and encourage them to do the same. Open communication helps ensure that both parties are informed and can make decisions regarding sexual health. Sources CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention): “Syphilis – CDC Fact Sheet” “The State of STDs – Infographic” Mayo Clinic: “Syphilis” American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: “Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Syphilis” Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai: “Syphilis – primary” Minnesota Department of Health: “About Syphilis” BMJ (British Medical Journal): “Syphilis” Merck Manual Consumer Version: “Syphilis” NIH National Library of Medicine: “WHO Guidelines for the Treatment of Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)” Cleveland Clinic: “Syphilis” April 18, 2024 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestLinkedinEmail
Trichomoniasis TRICHOMONIASIS by Justina April 7, 2024 written by Justina Trichomoniasis, often shortened to “trich,” is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a tiny parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. Anyone who’s sexually active can get it, but it’s more frequent in women than men, and particularly among African American women. The surprising thing about Trich is that most people with it don’t experience any symptoms at all. However, if left untreated, it can increase your risk of getting and spreading other STDs, including HIV. How You Get Trich Trich is spread through vaginal, oral, or anal sex with someone who has the infection. The parasite can travel from the penis to the vagina or between vulvas during sex between women. In men, the parasite infects the urethra (the tube that carries urine) and sometimes the prostate gland. Symptoms of Trichomoniasis Around 70% of individuals infected with trichomoniasis experience no symptoms. For those who do, symptoms may not manifest until days or weeks after contracting the infection. Symptoms in Women: Foul-smelling vaginal discharge that may be greenish or yellowish Genital itching, burning, redness, or soreness Pain during urination or sexual intercourse Increased frequency of urination Post-coital bleeding Symptoms in Men: Itching or irritation inside the penis Thin white discharge from the penis Pain during urination or sexual intercourse Increased frequency of urination Diagnosis of Trichomoniasis Doctors diagnose trichomoniasis by collecting a sample of urine or genital fluid and examining it under a microscope to detect the parasite. In some cases, a culture test may be necessary, where the sample is stored for several days to allow the parasite to grow, making it easier to identify under a microscope. Alternatively, sensitive tests like nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) can detect signs of the parasite. It’s common for doctors to also test for other STDs simultaneously since many individuals with trichomoniasis may also be infected with gonorrhea or chlamydia. Treatment of Trichomoniasis The primary treatment for trichomoniasis involves antibiotic medications such as metronidazole (Flagyl, Noritate, and Nuvessa) and tinidazole (Tindamax), which effectively eliminate the infection in most cases. Your doctor will prescribe oral pills for you to take, either in a single, large dose or divided into several smaller doses. It’s crucial to complete the entire course of medication, even if symptoms improve, before finishing the treatment. Although treatment eradicates the parasite, there’s still a risk of reinfection. Approximately 20% of individuals experience a recurrence of trichomoniasis within three months after completing treatment. It’s essential for your sexual partner(s) to undergo treatment as well, even if they don’t display any symptoms. Refrain from sexual activity for 7 to 10 days after completing treatment, and your doctor may recommend retesting before resuming sexual intercourse. Complications of Trichomoniasis Without prompt treatment, trichomoniasis can lead to various health complications. Increased risk of contracting or transmitting other STDs: Trichomoniasis raises the likelihood of acquiring or spreading other sexually transmitted diseases. In individuals with HIV, trichomoniasis may increase the chances of HIV transmission. Pregnancy complications: Trichomoniasis during pregnancy can result in preterm birth, leading to a low birth weight for the baby. Low birth weight elevates the risk of health and developmental issues for the newborn. Although rare, there’s a possibility of the baby contracting trichomoniasis during delivery. Fortunately, trichomoniasis can be treated during pregnancy, and it’s essential to discuss treatment options with your healthcare provider. Preventing Trichomoniasis The most effective way to completely avoid trichomoniasis is by abstaining from vaginal sex. However, if that’s not feasible, there are other measures you can take to reduce your risk of contracting it: Consistently use latex condoms. Latex condoms provide a barrier that can help lower the risk of contracting or transmitting trichomoniasis. Ensure the condom is worn early during sexual activity to prevent contact before full protection is in place. Avoid douching: Douching disrupts the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina, which can increase the likelihood of contracting STDs, including trichomoniasis. It’s essential to maintain the natural bacterial balance for vaginal health. Maintain monogamy or limit partners: Sticking with one sexual partner who has tested negative for STDs can significantly reduce the risk of trichomoniasis transmission. Alternatively, if monogamy isn’t possible, consider reducing the number of sexual partners to minimize exposure. Open communication with partners: Discussing sexual histories and potential risk factors openly with your partners can help you make informed decisions about sexual health. This communication allows for mutual understanding and helps in making choices that prioritize health and well-being. Sources CDC Cleveland Clinic Medscape WomensHealth.gov Mayo Clinic Merck Manual Consumer Version Nemours/KidsHealth Avert LabTestsOnline April 7, 2024 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestLinkedinEmail
Urinary Tract Infections URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS by Justina March 28, 2024 written by Justina A UTI is a short way of saying “urinary tract infections.” Have you ever felt that burning sensation when you pee? That might be a urinary tract infection. It happens when germs, usually bacteria, get into your urinary system and cause an infection. Your urinary system is like a plumbing system for waste. It includes your kidneys (waste filters), ureters (tubes that carry waste from the kidneys to the bladder), bladder (storage tank for waste), and urethra (the exit pipe that carries waste out of your body). Different Types of UTIs Various types of UTIs can manifest with specific symptoms, depending on the affected part of the urinary tract: Kidney infection (pyelonephritis): Back or side pain High fever Shivering and chills Nausea Vomiting Bladder infection (cystitis): Pressure in the pelvic area Discomfort in the lower abdomen Frequent and painful urination Presence of blood in urine Urethra: Burning sensation during urination Discharge UTIs are very common, especially in women. They’re usually not serious and can be treated with antibiotics. Bladder Infection: This type of UTI is often caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli), a bacteria commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract. Sexual activity can also contribute to bladder infections, although sexual activity is not a prerequisite for developing one. In women, the proximity of the urethra to the anus facilitates the transfer of bacteria, making them more susceptible to bladder infections. Urethral Infection: UTIs affecting the urethra can occur when gastrointestinal bacteria migrate from the anus to the urethra. Additionally, sexually transmitted infections such as herpes, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and mycoplasma can cause urethral infections, given the proximity of women’s urethras to the vagina. Who gets urinary tract infections? Anyone can get a UTI, but some people are more at risk than others. Here are some things that can increase your chances of getting a UTI: Women: Their urethras are shorter, making it easier for bacteria to enter. People with past UTIs: Once you’ve had one, you’re more likely to get another. Those with nerve problems: Diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and other conditions can affect bladder control, making UTIs more likely. People who’ve been through menopause: Hormonal changes can increase UTI risk. Those who are overweight: Carrying extra weight can put pressure on the bladder. Individuals with blockages: kidney stones, tumors, or enlarged prostates can block urine flow, increasing UTI risk. Birth control users: Diaphragms and spermicides can sometimes irritate the urethra. Catheter users: A catheter is a tube inserted into the bladder to drain urine. It can increase UTI risk. Men with certain health conditions—HIV, being uncircumcised, or having sex with men—can increase their UTI risk. What causes urinary tract infections? Urinary tract infections (UTIs) typically occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract through the urethra and proliferate in the bladder. Although the urinary system is equipped with defenses against bacteria, these defenses can sometimes falter, allowing bacteria to establish an infection within the urinary tract. Recognizing UTI Symptoms UTIs don’t always make themselves known, but when they do, you might experience: Strong urge to urinate that persists Burning sensation during urination Frequent urination, often with small amounts expelled Cloudy-looking urine Red, bright pink, or cola-colored urine indicating blood presence Foul-smelling urine Pelvic pain in women, particularly around the center of the pelvis and pubic bone area In older adults, UTIs can be tricky to identify as they might be mistaken for other health issues. Why Women Get More UTIs Women are more prone to UTIs because their urethra is shorter than men’s. This makes it easier for bacteria to travel from the anus to the urethra and into the bladder. Sexual activity can also increase the risk of bacteria entering the urethra. UTIs in Men While less common, men can also get UTIs. In men, a UTI is often a sign of another underlying condition, such as a prostate infection, blockage, or STI. How UTIs Develop Sometimes, urine can flow backward from the bladder to the kidneys. This can trap bacteria and lead to a kidney infection. Incomplete emptying of the bladder can also increase the risk of UTIs. Rare Causes of UTIs In rare cases, UTIs can be caused by abnormal connections between the urinary system and other organs in the body. Risk Factors Certain factors increase the likelihood of developing UTIs, especially in women: Female Anatomy: Women have a shorter urethra compared to men, providing less distance for bacteria to travel to the bladder. Sexual Activity: Being sexually active, particularly with a new partner, heightens the risk of UTIs. Birth Control Methods: Using diaphragms or spermicidal agents can increase the risk of UTIs. Menopause: Changes in the urinary tract following menopause, due to decreased estrogen levels, can elevate the risk of UTIs. Other risk factors for UTIs include: Urinary tract abnormalities Urinary tract obstructions (such as kidney stones or an enlarged prostate) Weakened immune system (due to conditions like diabetes) Catheter use Recent urinary procedures Complications Untreated UTIs can lead to various complications, including: Repeated infections, particularly common in women Kidney damage Low birth weight or premature delivery during pregnancy Urethral narrowing in men Sepsis, a life-threatening infection, especially if the UTI progresses to the kidneys Prevention Strategies Taking certain measures can help reduce the risk of UTIs: Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water to flush bacteria from the urinary tract. Consider consuming cranberry juice, although its preventive efficacy is still under research. Practice proper hygiene by wiping from front to back after urination or bowel movements to prevent the spread of bacteria. Empty your bladder after sexual activity and drink water to flush out bacteria. Avoid using potentially irritating feminine products in the genital area. Consider changing your birth control method if it contributes to bacterial growth. By implementing these preventive measures, you can lower the risk of developing UTIs and maintain urinary tract health. When to Seek Medical Attention If you notice any symptoms of a UTI, it’s essential to reach out to your healthcare provider for assistance. Diagnosing Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) To diagnose urinary tract infections (UTIs), various tests and procedures are employed: Urine Sample Analysis: Your healthcare provider may request a urine sample, which will be analyzed in a lab to detect white blood cells, red blood cells, or bacteria. To prevent contamination, you’ll likely be instructed to wipe your genital area with an antiseptic pad and collect the urine midstream. Urine Culture: In some cases, a urine culture may follow the initial analysis. This test identifies the specific bacteria causing the infection and helps determine the most effective medications for treatment. Imaging Studies: Recurrent UTIs may indicate structural issues in the urinary tract. Your healthcare provider might order imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI scans to identify any abnormalities. Contrast dye may be used to enhance visualization of urinary tract structures. Cystoscopy: If you experience recurrent UTIs, your healthcare provider may perform a cystoscopy. This procedure involves using a cystoscope—a long, thin tube with a lens—to examine the urethra and bladder. The cystoscope is inserted through the urethra to provide a detailed view inside the bladder. Treatment Options Antibiotics are typically the first-line treatment for UTIs. The choice of antibiotic and duration of treatment depend on factors such as your health status and the type of bacteria causing the infection. For simple UTIs, commonly prescribed antibiotics include: Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Bactrim DS) Fosfomycin (Monurol) Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin, Macrobid, Furadantin) Cephalexin Ceftriaxone Fluoroquinolones, another group of antibiotics, are generally not recommended for uncomplicated UTIs due to associated risks outweighing the benefits. In cases of complicated UTIs or kidney infections, fluoroquinolone antibiotics may be prescribed if other treatment options are limited. Symptoms of UTIs often improve within a few days of starting antibiotics. However, it’s crucial to complete the full course of medication as prescribed by your healthcare provider. For frequent UTIs, management strategies may include: Low-dose antibiotics for an extended duration Self-diagnosis and treatment for recurrent symptoms, with regular communication with your healthcare provider Taking a single dose of antibiotic after sexual activity if UTIs are related to sex Vaginal estrogen therapy for menopausal individuals In severe UTI cases, hospitalization may be necessary for intravenous (IV) antibiotic administration. Lifestyle and Home Remedies While awaiting antibiotic treatment for UTIs, individuals can take steps to alleviate discomfort: Stay Hydrated: Drinking plenty of water helps dilute urine and flush out bacteria from the urinary tract. Avoid Irritating Drinks: Refrain from consuming beverages like coffee, alcohol, and citrus juices or caffeinated soft drinks, as they can irritate the bladder and increase the urge to urinate. Apply Heat: Using a warm heating pad on the lower abdomen can provide relief from bladder pressure or discomfort associated with UTIs. Alternative Medicine Some individuals use cranberry products, such as juice or tablets, as a preventive measure against UTIs. While research on the efficacy of cranberry juice in preventing UTIs is ongoing, preliminary studies suggest potential benefits. However, individuals should exercise caution and monitor caloric intake when consuming cranberry juice. Additionally, individuals taking blood-thinning medications like warfarin should avoid cranberry juice due to potential interactions. Preparing for Your Appointment Before your appointment with a healthcare provider, consider the following: Pre-Appointment Instructions: Inquire if there are any specific preparations, such as collecting a urine sample, required before your appointment. Symptom Documentation: Take note of your symptoms, even if you’re uncertain about their association with UTIs. Medication and Supplements List: Compile a list of all medications, vitamins, or supplements you are currently taking. Questions for Your Healthcare Provider: Prepare a list of questions to discuss with your provider, covering topics such as the cause of your symptoms, recommended treatment approaches, potential complications, and preventive measures. During Your Appointment Expect your healthcare provider to inquire about various aspects of your medical history and symptoms, including the onset of symptoms, severity of discomfort, urinary frequency, presence of fever or vaginal discharge, sexual activity, contraceptive use, pregnancy status, and any relevant medical conditions or prior catheter use. Openly communicate any concerns or questions you may have during the appointment to ensure comprehensive care and understanding of your condition. Sources: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases American Academy of Family Physicians American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Urology Care Foundation National Association for Continence March 28, 2024 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestLinkedinEmail
Warts and Plantar Warts WARTS by Justina March 24, 2024 written by Justina Warts are those small skin growths we sometimes encounter, are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV comes in various types, with over a hundred known strains, some of which can lead to warts on the skin. When HPV infects the skin, it triggers the rapid growth of cells on the outer layer of the skin, resulting in the formation of warts. Typically, common warts pop up on the fingers, near the fingernails, or on the hands. However, certain strains of HPV can also cause warts to develop in the genital area. The transmission of warts occurs through direct contact with HPV, as the virus is highly contagious. This transmission can happen through person-to-person contact or via contact with surfaces or objects touched by an infected individual. Moreover, the virus responsible for this small skin growths can spread to other parts of the body of the infected person. About three out of every four individuals will experience a wart, known as verruca vulgaris, at some point in their lives. These small skin growth are caused by the contagious HPV virus. There are several types of warts: Plantar Warts: These typically appear as flesh-colored or light brown lumps speckled with small blood vessels resembling tiny black dots. Found on the soles of the feet, they can cause discomfort while walking. Flat Warts: These small pink or brown bumps occur on the face or legs. They are caused by HPV and are smoother, flatter, and smaller than other warts. Flat warts often appear in groups, especially on the faces and legs of children and teenagers. Genital Warts: These growths can show up in the pubic area, genitals, around the anus, or inside the vagina. They vary in appearance, ranging from flesh-colored to pink or red, and may resemble tiny cauliflower parts. Genital warts typically occur in clusters and can cause mild pain, bleeding, or itching. Certain types of HPV can lead to cervical cancer, making HPV infection the most common sexually transmitted disease in North America. Treatments Warts on the skin are often harmless and might disappear without any treatment, including flat warts, although they might take quite some time—months or even years—to vanish completely. However, it’s essential to have genital warts checked by a doctor. This can sometimes return even after treatment, and you may require multiple treatments. While doctors aim to clear warts quickly, most removal methods need several sessions. Treatment options include: Minor Surgery: When other treatments fail, a doctor may surgically remove the wart, often using an electric needle or cryosurgery to destroy its base. Laser Surgery: This method uses a concentrated beam of light (laser) to burn and eliminate wart tissue. Freezing (Cryotherapy): this involves using over-the-counter freezing spray products or having a doctor apply liquid nitrogen to freeze the wart. Home treatment might not penetrate deeply enough to be effective and can be painful. The wart typically forms a blister and falls off within 1-2 weeks. Salicylic Acid: Over-the-counter treatments that contain salicylic acid, like gels, ointments, or pads, gradually dissolve wart tissue with regular application over several weeks. However, these are not suitable for genital warts. Cantharidin: This substance, derived from a blister beetle extract, is applied to the wart to form a blister, lifting the wart off the skin. Other Medications: These may include bleomycin, injected into the wart to kill the virus, or imiquimod (Aldara, Zyclara), a prescription cream that boosts the immune system to fight off the wart virus. Imiquimod is effective for genital warts but can also work for other types. Prevention Avoid picking at the growth to prevent spreading. Consider covering them with bandages and keeping your hands dry. These small skin growths thrive in moist environments, so try to keep affected areas dry. Avoid brushing, combing, or shaving areas with small skin growths to prevent spreading the virus. Wash your hands thoroughly after touching the small skin growths. Preventing Genital Warts Abstain from sexual contact. Use condoms during sexual activity. Have sex only with a partner who isn’t sexually active with others. Avoid sex with individuals showing visible symptoms of these genital skin growths. Consider getting the HPV vaccine for additional protection. Sources: American Academy of Dermatology Cleveland Clinic Children’s Health DermNet NZ American Academy of Dermatology Association March 24, 2024 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestLinkedinEmail