Pregnancy PREGNANCY by Justina May 15, 2024 written by Justina During pregnancy, a fetus undergoes significant growth inside the uterus over the course of approximately 39 to 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters. Pregnancy occurs when one or more fetuses develop in the uterus, typically following sexual intercourse, though it can also result from assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). The confirmation of pregnancy often involves using at-home pregnancy tests or blood tests. Early signs of pregnancy may include a missed menstrual period, feelings of nausea, and increased fatigue. The majority of pregnancies culminate in a live birth, which can be through vaginal delivery or cesarean section (C-section). However, some pregnancies may end in miscarriage, abortion, or stillbirth. The Odds of Getting Pregnant Many wonder about the likelihood of conceiving in a given month. Typically, for those actively trying to conceive, the chances of pregnancy range from 15% to 25% in any given cycle. Causes Pregnancy is a multi-step process that begins with the union of an egg and sperm: Eggs are housed in the ovaries and are released during each menstrual cycle, a process known as ovulation. Sperm originates from the testicles and is ejaculated from the penis. During sexual intercourse, sperm travels through the vagina and into the fallopian tubes. For pregnancy to occur, a sperm must fertilize an egg, a process called conception. Once fertilized, the egg develops into a blastocyst as it travels down the fallopian tube. About three days later, the blastocyst implants itself into the uterus, where it becomes an embryo. The placenta begins to form, and the embryo transforms into a fetus, which is the term used until birth. Upon implantation, the body releases pregnancy hormones to support fetal development and prevent menstruation. Assisted reproductive technology (ART) follows a similar process, but certain steps occur outside the body: Intrauterine insemination (IUI): Sperm is inserted directly into the uterus during ovulation, often assisted by fertility medication. In vitro fertilization (IVF): Egg and sperm are combined in a lab to form an embryo, which is then transferred into the uterus. Various medications may be administered to enhance the success of the IVF cycle. Prevalence of Pregnancy Pregnancy is a natural biological process experienced by women of reproductive age globally. According to recent statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 213 million pregnancies occur worldwide each year. Factors Affecting Your Chances Several factors can impact your chances of getting pregnant: Age: As you age, particularly after 30, the probability of conceiving in a specific month diminishes. This decline becomes more pronounced as you reach your 40s. Irregular Periods: If you have irregular menstrual cycles, it can be challenging to pinpoint ovulation, making it harder to determine the best time for intercourse. Frequency of Intercourse: The frequency of sexual intercourse also plays a role. Generally, the more often you engage in intercourse, the higher your chances of conception. Duration of Trying: If you’ve been trying to conceive for a year without success, your chances of pregnancy may decrease. In such cases, it’s advisable to consult with your doctor about fertility tests for both you and your partner. Illnesses or Medical Conditions: Certain medical conditions or illnesses can impact fertility and pregnancy. Duration of Pregnancy Pregnancy typically spans 40 weeks or 280 days, but understanding the exact timing can be a bit trickier than simply counting days. Healthcare providers usually gauge the progress of pregnancy based on the date of the last menstrual period (LMP). This method adds a layer of complexity because ovulation, the release of an egg, typically occurs about two weeks into the menstrual cycle. So, when you take a pregnancy test two weeks after ovulation, you’re already considered to be four weeks pregnant. Don’t worry if the math seems confusing; your pregnancy care provider can clarify it for you and provide your due date based on a pregnancy ultrasound. In cases of pregnancy through in vitro fertilization (IVF), the duration of pregnancy remains the same, but the calculation method may differ slightly. This is because with IVF, the embryo is transferred directly into the uterus, bypassing some of the natural conception steps that take about two weeks. How to Calculating your due date Calculating your due date involves a few steps: Note the date of your last menstrual period (LMP). Add seven days to that date. Go back three months. Add a year. This method helps estimate your due date, but it’s always best to confirm it with your pregnancy care provider during appointments or based on ultrasound results. Keep attending prenatal visits, as they help your provider track the accuracy of your due date. However, it’s important to understand that only about 5% of women actually give birth on their estimated due date. What is Gestational age? Gestational age refers to how far along the pregnancy is, but it can be a bit confusing because it counts days before conception. It encompasses the time leading up to ovulation when the body is preparing for pregnancy. Gestational age is typically measured in weeks and days, for example, 22 weeks and 3 days pregnant, sometimes represented as 22 3/7 or simply referred to as 22 weeks gestation. It’s worth noting that gestational age refers to the pregnancy itself, not the fetus. Fetal age isn’t commonly used because pinpointing the exact moment of conception is difficult. The Trimesters in Pregnancy Pregnancy unfolds in three distinct trimesters, each lasting approximately three months or 13 weeks. First Trimester: Spans from conception to 13 weeks into pregnancy. Common experiences include: Fatigue. Morning sickness. Breast tenderness and swelling. Food cravings or aversions. Heartburn and constipation. Mood swings and headaches. It’s crucial to contact a pregnancy care provider early in this stage and start taking prenatal vitamins. Additionally, certain substances like alcohol, tobacco, and recreational drugs should be avoided, along with specific foods like unpasteurized dairy and raw fish. Second Trimester: Encompasses weeks 13 to 28. Many individuals find relief from nausea and fatigue during this period. Notable symptoms may include: Body aches. Weight gain. Darkening of areolas and the development of a linea nigra. Changes in skin pigmentation. By around 17 weeks, most people have gained at least 10 pounds, and fetal movements become noticeable. Third Trimester: Lasts from week 29 to 40, signaling the final stretch of pregnancy. Expectations for this phase include: Increased shortness of breath. Lower back pain due to the growing belly. Frequent urination. Difficulty finding comfortable sleeping positions. Leakage of colostrum from the breasts. Lightening, where the fetus moves into the pelvis in preparation for birth. Signs of impending labor like contractions or losing the mucus plug. What is Full-Term Pregnancy? Full term pregnancy refers to a pregnancy lasting between 39 weeks, 0 days, and 40 weeks, 6 days. Babies born at full term typically have the best health outcomes. Other pregnancy terms include: Early term (37 to 38 weeks, 6 days). Late term (41 to 41 weeks, 6 days). Post term (after 42 weeks). Preparing to get pregnant Understanding your menstrual cycle can be beneficial when trying to conceive. Here’s what you need to know: The Menstrual Cycle: Your menstrual cycle is the series of changes your body undergoes in preparation for a potential pregnancy. As your ovaries prepare to release an egg, the lining of your uterus thickens. This thickening makes it easier for a fertilized egg to implant itself into the uterine wall. If fertilization does not occur, the excess lining breaks down and is shed through your vagina, resulting in menstruation. Timing Your Cycle: Your menstrual cycle begins on the first day you observe bright red blood—not just spotting—and concludes on the day before your next cycle begins. Typically, a menstrual cycle lasts between 21 to 35 days or longer. Understanding Irregular Cycles: Having a cycle that varies by a few days from one month to the next is considered irregular. While irregular cycles are common and often normal, they do not necessarily indicate any underlying health issues. Understanding the timeline of getting pregnant Grasping the timeline of getting pregnant and predicting ovulation can be instrumental in optimizing your chances of conception: Timeline of Getting Pregnant: In a typical 28-day menstrual cycle, ovulation—when your ovary releases an egg—occurs around day 14. The egg has a lifespan of approximately 24 hours. If fertilization occurs, it takes another 5-6 days for the fertilized egg to travel through the fallopian tube and implant itself in the uterus. Conception is officially established around day 21 of the cycle. Predicting Ovulation: Since ovulation only provides a narrow window of opportunity for conception, it’s essential to identify when it’s likely to occur. Here are some methods to help predict ovulation: Calendar Tracking: By tracking the start of your period for a few months, you can estimate ovulation to be around 14 days before your next period begins. However, this method may be less reliable if your menstrual cycle is irregular. Cervical Mucus Changes: Ovulation is often accompanied by changes in cervical mucus. Before ovulation, the mucus may be white, yellow, or cloudy. As ovulation approaches, the mucus becomes clear, slippery, and resembles egg whites. Following ovulation, the mucus typically dries up. Basal Body Temperature (BBT): Monitoring your basal body temperature—the slight rise in temperature that occurs after ovulation—can indicate when ovulation has occurred. Special thermometers are available to detect this temperature shift. Ovulation Test Kits: Similar to pregnancy tests, ovulation test kits detect hormone levels in your urine that surge prior to ovulation. These kits are most effective when used daily for 5-10 days in the middle of your cycle. Fertility Monitors: Electronic devices are available that track various indicators of fertility, such as temperature or hormone levels, to predict ovulation. Can you get pregnant before your period? Yes, it’s possible to get pregnant right before your period, although it’s not the most ideal time for conception. Here’s what you need to know: Timing of Conception: Typically, if an egg is released in the middle of your menstrual cycle, it’s no longer viable by the time your next period begins. However, if ovulation occurs later than expected, there’s a chance that an egg could still be present when your period is due. Frequency of Intercourse: To maximize the chances of conception, it’s recommended to have sex frequently during your fertile window. Sperm can survive in the female reproductive tract for about 5 days, while an egg remains viable for around 24 hours after ovulation. Therefore, having sperm present in the fallopian tube when the egg is released increases the likelihood of fertilization. Recommended Timing for Sex: Doctors often advise couples to have sex every other day, beginning either immediately after the end of menstruation or during the week leading up to ovulation. If this feels too regimented, aiming for sex 2 to 3 times per week can also be effective in increasing the chances of conception. Effect of Frequency on Sperm Count: While there’s a belief that frequent intercourse may lower sperm count and decrease the chances of pregnancy, research suggests that having sex every day may actually slightly increase the likelihood of conception. However, it’s important to strike a balance and avoid making sex feel like a chore, as stress and anxiety can negatively impact fertility. Going Off Birth Control: If you’re considering trying to conceive after discontinuing birth control pills, it’s possible to get pregnant immediately once the artificial hormones are cleared from your system. However, it may take a few months for your menstrual cycle to return to its normal pattern. Safety of Conceiving Immediately: Conceiving right after discontinuing birth control is generally safe, and the likelihood of having a healthy baby is similar whether you conceive immediately or wait a few months. The only challenge may be accurately determining conception and due dates if you haven’t had a period since stopping birth control. Overall, while conception can occur quickly if everything aligns perfectly, it may take some time to confirm pregnancy. If you have concerns or questions about conception, consult with your healthcare provider for personalized guidance and support. Symptoms of Pregnancy Feeling pregnant can vary from person to person, but there are some common signs and timelines to be aware of: Implantation Symptoms: Some women may experience slight pain or spotting when the fertilized egg implants itself in the uterus. However, these symptoms may go unnoticed by others. Early Pregnancy Signs: Early signs of pregnancy may begin to manifest weeks after conception. These signs can include missing your period, feeling fatigued, experiencing sore or swollen breasts, needing to urinate more frequently, feeling nauseous, noticing cramping or spotting, and experiencing mood swings. Positive Pregnancy Test: The presence of a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in your system indicates pregnancy. It’s produced by the placenta, the organ that develops in the uterus to support the growing baby. Typically, it takes about 11-14 days after conception for hCG levels to rise to a detectable level for at-home urine pregnancy tests. A blood test conducted by a doctor may detect hCG slightly sooner. Overall, the timing of feeling pregnant and receiving a positive pregnancy test result can vary. If you suspect you may be pregnant or have concerns about pregnancy symptoms, it’s advisable to take a home pregnancy test or consult with your healthcare provider for further evaluation and guidance. Tips to increase your chances of getting pregnant Here are some helpful tips for increasing your chances of getting pregnant: Health Checkup: Schedule a checkup with your healthcare provider to ensure there are no underlying health issues that could affect your fertility. Medication Review: Review your medications with your doctor to determine if any of them may impact fertility. Discuss alternatives if necessary. Maintain a Healthy Weight: Aim to achieve and maintain a healthy weight, as obesity or being underweight can affect fertility. Exercise Moderately: Engage in regular physical activity, but be mindful of intense exercise routines, as they may interfere with ovulation. Quit Smoking: Smoking can reduce fertility in both men and women, so quitting smoking is essential when trying to conceive. Limit Alcohol and Caffeine: Reduce alcohol intake and limit caffeine consumption to less than 2 cups of coffee per day to support fertility. Take Folic Acid: Begin taking a folic acid supplement as soon as you start trying to conceive. Folic acid helps prevent certain serious birth defects. What care do you need during pregnancy? During pregnancy, proper prenatal care is crucial for both your well-being and the health of the fetus. Regular appointments with your pregnancy care provider allow for monitoring of your health and the detection of any potential complications, while also ensuring that the fetus is growing as expected. Here’s what you can typically expect during prenatal care: Physical Exams: Your provider may conduct physical, breast, pelvic exams, or Pap tests if due. Discussion of Symptoms and Lifestyle: Your provider will inquire about symptoms, lifestyle, habits, and more. Monitoring Vital Signs: Blood pressure and weight checks are routine during appointments. Fetal Monitoring: Using a fetal Doppler, your provider will monitor the fetus’s heart rate. Abdominal Measurement: The size of your abdomen (fundal height) is measured to assess fetal growth. Prenatal Screenings and Tests: Your provider may offer screenings for congenital conditions like Down syndrome and order blood work for anemia, gestational diabetes, and hormone levels. Infections like syphilis and HIV are also checked. Ultrasounds: Typically, prenatal ultrasounds occur twice during pregnancy, more frequently for high-risk pregnancies. Discussion of Labor and Delivery Options: Your provider will discuss labor, delivery, and other aspects of care and address any questions you may have. The frequency of prenatal appointments varies. Generally: Every four weeks up to the 28th week of pregnancy. Every two weeks from week 28 to week 36. Weekly from week 36 until delivery. Regarding weight gain, there isn’t a specific number as everyone’s body is different. However, most healthcare providers advise a weight gain between 25 to 35 pounds during pregnancy. Your provider will monitor your weight gain to ensure it’s within a healthy range for you. Prevention of Pregnancy Complications While not all complications of pregnancy can be prevented, certain measures can reduce the risk of adverse outcomes. These include seeking early and regular prenatal care, managing pre-existing medical conditions, adopting healthy lifestyle habits, and following healthcare provider recommendations. When to See a Doctor When to Seek Medical Advice: According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, most couples conceive within 6 months of regular intercourse without health issues. However, if you haven’t conceived after a year of trying, or if you’re over 35 and haven’t conceived within 6 months, it’s advisable to consult your doctor. Additionally, see your doctor if you have a health condition that may impact pregnancy, such as diabetes, or if you or your partner have a family history of genetic disorders that could be passed on to your baby. Seeking medical advice early can help address any concerns and optimize your chances of conceiving successfully. Outlook/Prognosis of Pregnancy For the majority of women, pregnancy culminates in the birth of a healthy baby. However, certain factors such as maternal age, medical history, and prenatal care adherence can influence pregnancy outcomes. With proper medical care and support, most pregnancies progress smoothly, leading to the delivery of a healthy infant. Sources World Health Organization (WHO) American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Mayo Clinic Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. The National Infertility Association: “Tracking My Fertile Time.” Office on Women’s Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: “Trying to Conceive.” Cleveland Clinic: “Menstrual Cycle,” “Conception,” “Cervical Mucus.”” Ob.Gyn. News:”Updates on pregnancy outcomes in transgender men.” Fertility and Sterility BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. National Health Service: “Testosterone and pregnancy,” “Trying to Get Pregnant.” Office on Women’s Health: “Trying to conceive.” National Health Service (UK). Your antenatal care (https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/your-pregnancy-care/your-antenatal-care/). Last reviewed 11/2023. Accessed 4/11/2024. Glossary: Ovulation: The release of an egg from the ovary, typically around the middle of a woman’s menstrual cycle. Embryo: The early stage of development of a multicellular organism, following fertilization of the egg and preceding the fetal stage. Fetus: The stage of prenatal development from the end of the eighth week after conception until birth. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG): A hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy, detected in urine and blood tests to confirm pregnancy. Gestational Diabetes: Diabetes that develops during pregnancy, typically resolving after childbirth but requiring careful management during pregnancy to prevent complications. Preeclampsia: A pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to other organs, typically occurring after 20 weeks of pregnancy. May 15, 2024 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestLinkedinEmail
Pregnancy with Asthma PREGNANCY WITH ASTHMA by Justina May 14, 2024 written by Justina Pregnancy with asthma: Asthma, a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, affects approximately 8% of pregnant women worldwide. Having asthma doesn’t mean you can’t have a healthy pregnancy, but it’s crucial to manage your asthma effectively. During pregnancy, around a third of women with asthma may experience an improvement in symptoms, another third may find their symptoms worsen, and the remaining third may have stable symptoms. Causes of Asthma During Pregnancy Asthma during pregnancy can be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Hormonal changes, such as increased levels of estrogen and progesterone, can also play a role in exacerbating asthma symptoms. Prevalence The prevalence of asthma among pregnant women varies across different populations and regions. However, studies suggest that approximately one in every 10 pregnant women experiences these chronic respiratory condition symptoms during pregnancy. Symptoms Symptoms of this condition are similar to those experienced by non-pregnant individuals and may include: Shortness of breath Wheezing Coughing Chest tightness It is essential for pregnant women with asthma to monitor these symptoms closely and seek medical attention if they worsen or interfere with daily activities. Risk Factors Several factors may increase the risk of this chronic respiratory conditions during pregnancy, including: Poorly controlled asthma before pregnancy History of severe asthma exacerbations Smoking Obesity Allergies Diagnosis Diagnosing this condition involve: A thorough medical history review Physical examination lung function tests such as spirometry. It is crucial for pregnant women with suspected asthma to receive timely and accurate diagnosis to initiate appropriate treatment. Treatments Managing this condition during pregnancy requires a multidisciplinary approach involving obstetricians, pulmonologists, and primary care providers. Treatment options may include: Inhaled corticosteroids: These medications are considered safe for use during pregnancy and are the preferred first-line treatment for asthma. Short-acting bronchodilators: These medications provide quick relief of asthma symptoms and are safe for use during pregnancy. Avoiding triggers: Pregnant women with asthma should minimize exposure to known triggers such as cigarette smoke, allergens, and air pollution. Home Care Tips In addition to medical treatment, pregnant women with asthma can take proactive steps to manage their condition at home: Monitor symptoms regularly and keep a record of peak flow measurements. Follow a written asthma action plan provided by healthcare providers. Practice relaxation techniques to reduce stress, which can worsen asthma symptoms. Prevention While asthma cannot be prevented entirely, pregnant women can reduce their risk of asthma exacerbations by: Avoiding exposure to known triggers Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and a balanced diet Attending prenatal appointments regularly to monitor asthma control FAQs What Happens if Asthma Isn’t Controlled During Pregnancy? If asthma isn’t well-controlled, it can lead to a decrease in oxygen levels in your blood. This means that your baby, who relies on oxygen from your blood, may also receive insufficient oxygen. Maintaining good control of asthma is essential for reducing the risk of pregnancy complications such as premature birth, low birth weight, and preeclampsia (dangerously high blood pressure during pregnancy). Can I Use My Inhaler While Pregnant? Using an inhaler is generally safe during pregnancy. Short-acting medications found in daily use inhalers, such as albuterol, levalbuterol, pirbuterol, and ipratropium, pose no harm to both mother and baby. Additionally, treating asthma effectively reduces the risk of asthma attacks and improves lung function. The best course of action is to consult your doctor, who will assess the severity of your asthma and determine the most appropriate treatment plan for you during pregnancy. By working closely with your healthcare provider, you can ensure the best possible management of your asthma and promote a healthy pregnancy for both you and your baby. How can I reduce the impact of asthma on my baby? Reducing the impact of asthma on your unborn baby involves maintaining good asthma control throughout your pregnancy. Here’s how you can lessen its effects: Have an Asthma Plan: Collaborate with your asthma doctor to develop a personalized asthma management plan. This plan will outline the appropriate type and dosage of medication for you to take during pregnancy. Identify Asthma Triggers: Keep track of factors that worsen your asthma symptoms by maintaining a diary. By identifying and avoiding these triggers, you can minimize the likelihood of asthma exacerbations. Receive Coordinated Care: Ensure that your asthma doctor and prenatal care provider coordinate your healthcare. This coordinated approach will help optimize your asthma management during pregnancy. Can Pregnancy Aggravate Asthma? Pregnancy’s effect on asthma varies from person to person. While some may experience worsening symptoms, others may find their asthma remains unchanged or even improves. Generally, if asthma is severe, there’s a possibility it may worsen slightly during pregnancy. However, if your asthma remained stable during a previous pregnancy, it’s likely to remain the same in subsequent pregnancies. Asthma rarely serves as a reason to avoid pregnancy. However, individuals with severe asthma should discuss pregnancy plans with their doctor beforehand. For Allergy-Related Asthma: If your asthma is triggered by allergies, take steps to avoid allergens such as animal dander, dust mites, pollen, and indoor mold during pregnancy. Can I Receive Allergy Shots and Flu Vaccine While Pregnant? Inform your allergist if you’re pregnant. While starting allergy shots during pregnancy is not recommended, if you’re already undergoing immunotherapy, your doctor may continue the treatment while monitoring for any adverse effects. The flu vaccine is advisable for pregnant women, including those with asthma, as they are at higher risk of severe flu complications. Pregnant women should receive the flu shot rather than the nasal flu vaccine. Can I Continue Taking Asthma Medication During Labor and Breastfeeding? Generally, asthma medications deemed safe during pregnancy are also safe to use during labor and breastfeeding. However, it’s essential to consult your doctor to confirm the safety of your asthma medication in these situations. When to See a Doctor Pregnant women with asthma should seek medical attention if they experience: Severe or worsening asthma symptoms Difficulty breathing or chest pain Decreased fetal movement Signs of preterm labor Outlook/Prognosis With proper management and monitoring, most women with this chronic respiratory condition can have a successful pregnancy and deliver a healthy baby. However, close collaboration between healthcare providers and pregnant women is essential to optimize asthma control and ensure a positive outcome. Sources American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018). Asthma in Pregnancy. Global Initiative for Asthma. (2021). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. Murphy, V. E., & Gibson, P. G. (2011). Asthma in Pregnancy. Clinical Pulmonary Medicine, 18(4), 181–194. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2020). Asthma. Schatz, M., & Chambers, C. D. (2008). Asthma and Pregnancy: A Review of Current Diagnosis and Treatment. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2(1), 97–107. May 14, 2024 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestLinkedinEmail
Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension PREGNANCY-INDUCED HYPERTENSION by Justina May 14, 2024 written by Justina Pregnancy is a remarkable journey marked by numerous physical and emotional changes. However, amidst the joys and anticipation, some women may encounter health complications, one of which is Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension (PIH), also known as gestational hypertension. During pregnancy, it’s quite common for blood pressure to rise, affecting about 8% of pregnant women in the United States, especially during their initial pregnancies. When high blood pressure occurs for the first time during pregnancy, it’s referred to as gestational hypertension or pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). For most women experiencing gestational hypertension, their pregnancies and babies remain healthy. However, elevated blood pressure during pregnancy might indicate other underlying conditions that could pose more significant risks. This underscores the importance of regular and early visits to your doctor to ensure both your and your baby’s well-being. What Exactly is Gestational Hypertension? Gestational hypertension manifests when blood pressure increases in the latter half of pregnancy, or even earlier if you’re carrying twins. Blood pressure signifies the force exerted by blood against artery walls as it flows through blood vessels. When this force exceeds 140/90 mm Hg, particularly when first observed at or after 20 weeks into pregnancy, doctors classify it as high blood pressure. The reassuring aspect is that if high blood pressure emerges during pregnancy, it typically returns to normal levels roughly six weeks after childbirth. Causes Pregnancy-induced hypertension occurs when there is a sudden rise in blood pressure during pregnancy. The exact cause is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to a combination of factors, including: Changes in hormone levels, particularly increased production of certain hormones like aldosterone and cortisol. Insufficient blood flow to the placenta, leading to placental ischemia. Genetic predisposition. Prevalence PIH affects approximately 6-8% of pregnancies worldwide. While it can occur at any stage of pregnancy, it most commonly develops after the 20th week, typically resolving after childbirth. Symptoms Symptoms of pregnancy-induced hypertension may include: High blood pressure (140/90 mm Hg or higher) Swelling in the hands and face, often accompanied by rapid weight gain Protein in the urine (proteinuria) Headaches Blurred vision or other visual disturbances Abdominal pain, especially in the upper right quadrant Risk Factors Several factors may increase the risk of developing PIH, including: First-time pregnancy A history of hypertension or preeclampsia in previous pregnancies Obesity Diabetes Multiple gestations (e.g., twins or triplets) Being over the age of 35 Certain pre-existing medical conditions, such as kidney disease or autoimmune disorders Impact of high blood pressure during pregnancy The impact of high blood pressure during pregnancy can vary from mild to severe, affecting both you and your baby. While it may not pose any issues, it could lead to several complications, including: Organ Damage: Elevated blood pressure can harm your kidneys and other organs, potentially causing long-term health issues. Reduced Blood Flow to the Placenta: High blood pressure can diminish blood flow to the placenta, resulting in decreased oxygen and nutrient supply to your baby. Preterm Birth or Low Birth Weight: In some cases, high blood pressure may prompt early delivery or lead to your baby being born underweight. Although most babies can catch up on their growth within a few months after birth, it’s healthier for them to be born at a normal weight. Increased Risk of Future Health Problems: High blood pressure during pregnancy can elevate your risk of developing heart disease or hypertension later in life. When carrying twins, gestational hypertension can pose even greater risks. In severe instances, it can progress to a condition called preeclampsia, also known as toxemia. Preeclampsia not only affects the placenta but can also harm vital organs such as the brain, liver, and kidneys. Furthermore, with twins, there’s a heightened likelihood of the placenta detaching. Preeclampsia can escalate to eclampsia, an uncommon yet severe condition characterized by seizures, coma, and in extreme cases, even death. Diagnosis Throughout your pregnancy, your doctor will monitor your blood pressure regularly. It’s crucial to undergo these tests because high blood pressure often presents no symptoms unless it’s severely elevated. If your blood pressure surpasses normal levels after the 20th week of pregnancy, it could indicate gestational hypertension. Moreover, if gestational hypertension is detected, your doctor will conduct further examinations to assess for other potential changes. For instance, the presence of protein in your urine might indicate kidney damage due to preeclampsia. Regular monitoring and prompt medical attention are essential for managing gestational hypertension effectively. Treatments Treatment for pregnancy-induced hypertension aims to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Depending on the severity of the condition, treatments may include: Close monitoring of blood pressure and fetal well-being Medications to lower blood pressure, such as antihypertensive drugs. Your doctor may also consider recommending daily low-dose aspirin starting in the second trimester if you’re at high risk, as it may help prevent the development of gestational hypertension. Hospitalization for bed rest and closer observation in severe cases Home Care Tips While it’s not always possible to prevent gestational hypertension, there are steps you can take to minimize risks and promote a healthy pregnancy for both you and your babies: Maintain a Healthy Weight: Losing weight and getting in shape before pregnancy can help reduce the risk of gestational hypertension. Healthy Lifestyle Choices: Making healthy lifestyle choices can play a significant role in controlling blood pressure. This includes eating a nutritious diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products. Your doctor can advise you on whether you need to reduce your salt intake. Additionally, maintaining a healthy weight gain during pregnancy is important. Regular Exercise: Engaging in regular exercise is essential for a healthy pregnancy. Studies have shown that even moderate exercise, such as walking, can help lower blood pressure in overweight pregnant women. However, it’s crucial to consult with your doctor before starting any exercise regimen to ensure it’s safe for you and your babies. Avoid Alcohol and Smoking: It’s best to avoid alcohol and cigarettes during pregnancy, as there is no known safe amount of alcohol consumption for pregnant women. Quitting smoking and avoiding alcohol can significantly improve the chances of a healthy outcome for both you and your baby. If you’re struggling to quit, don’t hesitate to seek support and assistance from your healthcare provider. Prenatal Care: Early and regular prenatal care is vital for monitoring your health and detecting any potential issues early on. Attend all scheduled prenatal appointments and discuss with your doctor ways to mitigate the risks associated with high blood pressure. Prevention While it may not always be possible to prevent pregnancy-induced hypertension, women can reduce their risk by: Attending regular prenatal check-ups Maintaining a healthy lifestyle before and during pregnancy, including eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and managing stress Following healthcare provider recommendations for managing pre-existing medical conditions When to See a Doctor It is essential for pregnant women to seek medical attention if they experience symptoms of hypertension, such as high blood pressure, swelling, or visual disturbances. Prompt diagnosis and management can help prevent complications for both the mother and baby. Outlook/Prognosis With proper monitoring and medical care, most women with pregnancy-induced hypertension can have successful pregnancies and deliveries. However, untreated PIH can lead to complications such as preeclampsia, eclampsia, premature birth, and low birth weight. Therefore, early detection and management are critical for ensuring the best possible outcomes. Sources: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2019). Hypertension in Pregnancy. Mayo Clinic. (2021). Gestational Hypertension. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2020). What is Preeclampsia? World Health Organization. (2019). Maternal mortality. American Heart Association. (2020). Hypertension in Pregnancy: Diagnosis and Management. CDC: “Births: Final Data for 2009,” “Pregnancy Complications.” March of Dimes: “Pregnancy and the overweight woman,” “Vitamins and minerals during pregnancy.” Medscape: “Hypertension and Pregnancy.” National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: “High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy,” “Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure: Pregnancy.” Johns Hopkins Medicine: “Complications of Multiple Pregnancy.” Twin Research: “Hypertensive Disease in Twin Pregnancies: A Review.” Office on Women’s Health: “High Blood Pressure.” “Pregnancy Complications,” “Prenatal care fact sheet.” Preeclampsia Foundation: “FAQS,” “Symptoms.” May 14, 2024 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestLinkedinEmail
Pregnancy: Fetal Development Slideshow PREGNANCY: FETAL DEVELOPMENT SLIDESHOW by Justina May 14, 2024 written by Justina Pregnancy: Fetal Development slideshow: Fetal development is a fascinating journey that unfolds over the course of nine months, as a tiny embryo transforms into a fully formed baby. Understanding the intricate changes that occur each month can provide expectant parents with valuable insights into the growth and development of their unborn child. First Trimester: The Foundation of Fetal Growth (1-3 months) Month 1 (Pregnancy: Fetal Development slideshow) During the first month of pregnancy, significant developments occur in the embryo. The amniotic sac, a protective water-tight membrane, forms around the fertilized egg, providing cushioning throughout pregnancy. Additionally, the placenta, a vital organ responsible for transferring nutrients and waste between mother and baby, begins to develop. At this early stage, the embryo starts taking shape, with a primitive face featuring large dark circles for eyes, developing mouth, lower jaw, and throat. Blood cells start forming, initiating circulation in the tiny body. By the end of the first month, the embryo measures around 6-7mm (1/4 inch) in length, approximately the size of a grain of rice. Month 2 In the second month, the embryo continues its transformation into a fetus. Facial features further develop, with ears beginning as small folds of skin and buds forming for arms, legs, fingers, toes, and eyes. The neural tube, precursor to the brain and spinal cord, is well formed, and organ development progresses, including the digestive tract and sensory organs. Bone starts replacing cartilage, and although movement begins, it’s not yet perceptible to the mother. By the end of the second month, the fetus measures approximately 2.54cm (1 inch) in length, weighing around 9.45g (1/3 ounce), with a significant portion comprising the head. Month 3 In the third month, the fetus becomes fully formed, with developed arms, hands, fingers, feet, toes, and the ability to open and close fists and mouth. Nails start to form, and internal organs like the liver, circulatory system, and urinary system become functional. Reproductive organs develop, although gender determination via ultrasound remains challenging. By the end of the third month, the fetus measures about 7.6 -10 cm (3-4 inches) in length and weighs around 28g (1 ounce). At this stage, the risk of miscarriage significantly decreases, as the most critical stages of development have passed. Second Trimester: Rapid Growth and Maturation (4-6 months) Month 4: Growth Spurt and Movement During the fourth month, the fetus experiences a significant growth spurt, doubling in size from the previous month. Limbs elongate, and joints form, allowing for increased movement. By the end of the fourth month, the fetus can make spontaneous movements, although these may not be felt by the mother yet. Month 5: Senses and Reflexes In the fifth month, the fetus’s sensory organs continue to develop, and it becomes more responsive to external stimuli. Taste buds form on the tongue, and the fetus can swallow amniotic fluid. Reflexes, such as sucking and swallowing, are also present. By this stage, expectant mothers may start to feel the first fluttering movements of their baby, known as quickening. Month 6: Lung Development and Viability During the sixth month, the fetus’s lungs undergo rapid development in preparation for breathing air at birth. Alveoli, the tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs, begin to form. While the fetus is still considered premature and would require medical intervention to survive if born at this stage, its chances of survival outside the womb gradually increase. Third Trimester: Final Preparations for Birth (7-9 months) Month 7: Brain Growth and Maturation In the seventh month, the fetus’s brain continues to grow and mature at a rapid pace. Neuronal connections multiply, laying the foundation for cognitive abilities such as learning and memory. The fetus also begins to exhibit more organized patterns of sleep and wakefulness. Month 8: Weight Gain and Final Preparations During the eighth month, the fetus undergoes significant weight gain as it accumulates adipose tissue for insulation and energy reserves. Vernix, a protective coating, covers the skin to prevent it from wrinkling due to prolonged exposure to amniotic fluid. The fetus assumes a head-down position in preparation for birth. Month 9: Ready for Birth In the final month of pregnancy, the fetus is fully developed and ready for birth. It continues to gain weight and mature, with its organs and systems functioning optimally. The mother may experience Braxton Hicks contractions as the uterus prepares for labor. At the end of the ninth month, the baby is typically born, marking the end of pregnancy and the beginning of parenthood. Sources American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Mayo Clinic The American Pregnancy Association National Institutes of Health (NIH) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) May 14, 2024 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestLinkedinEmail
Premature Infant PREMATURE INFANT by Justina May 14, 2024 written by Justina Premature birth, also known as preterm birth, occurs when a baby is born before completing 37 weeks of gestation. Doctors classify a baby as a premature infant if they are born more than three weeks before their due date. Preterm birth can present various challenges because premature babies haven’t had sufficient time to fully develop inside the womb. Consequently, they may require additional medical care and attention, and some preemies may need to stay in the hospital longer than babies born at full term. The extent of complications that a premature baby may face often depends on how many weeks before the due date they are born. Generally, the earlier the birth, the greater the likelihood of complications and health issues. Preterm infants born extremely early, for example, may encounter more significant challenges compared to those born moderately premature. It’s essential for parents of premature babies to be prepared with questions and seek guidance from healthcare professionals to provide the best possible care for their preemie. With proper medical support and attention, many premature babies can overcome initial challenges and go on to lead healthy lives. Doctors categorize premature babies into different groups based on their gestational age at birth. Here’s a breakdown of these categories: Moderately preterm: Babies born between 32 and 34 weeks of gestation. Very preterm: Babies born between 28 and 32 weeks of gestation. Extremely preterm: Babies born at 28 weeks of gestation or less. Each of these categories represents varying degrees of prematurity, with extremely preterm babies facing the greatest challenges due to their significantly early arrival. Causes Premature birth can stem from various factors, including: Medical Conditions: Certain maternal medical conditions, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and infections, can contribute to premature birth. Multiple Pregnancies: Carrying twins, triplets, or more can increase the likelihood of premature delivery. Lifestyle Factors: Smoking, substance abuse, and inadequate prenatal care may elevate the risk of premature birth. Placental Problems: Issues with the placenta, such as placental abruption or placenta previa, can lead to early labor. Infections: Maternal infections, such as urinary tract infections or sexually transmitted infections, can prompt premature labor. Prevalence Premature birth is a prevalent issue worldwide, with approximately 1 in 10 babies born prematurely. The prevalence varies across regions, influenced by factors such as socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, and maternal health conditions. Symptoms of a premature infant It’s essential to keep in mind that premature babies, or preemies, may have different symptoms and appearance compared to full-term babies. Here are some common symptoms and characteristics of premature babies: Size and Appearance: Premature babies are typically smaller than full-term babies, as they haven’t had as much time to grow and develop in the womb. They may have less body fat, making them appear thinner. Their heads may appear relatively large compared to their bodies. The skin of premature babies may be thin and fragile, and they may have a covering of fine hair called lanugo. Their facial features may appear less rounded than those of full-term babies. Breathing: Premature babies may have difficulty breathing, as their respiratory system is not fully developed. This can lead to irregular breathing patterns or even periods of apnea (temporary cessation of breathing). Some premature babies may require assistance with breathing through mechanical ventilation or respiratory support devices. Feeding Difficulties: Premature babies may have challenges with feeding, including difficulty sucking and swallowing. They may not have developed the reflexes necessary for effective feeding. Special feeding techniques or equipment may be required to ensure adequate nutrition for premature infants. Temperature Regulation: Premature babies may have difficulty regulating their body temperature, as they have less body fat and fewer resources for maintaining warmth. They may be at risk of hypothermia (low body temperature) and require additional warmth through incubators or other temperature-regulating devices. Behavior: Premature babies may exhibit different behaviors compared to full-term babies, such as quieter or less vigorous crying. They may be less alert or responsive initially, as they adapt to their new environment outside the womb. Risk Factors of premature infant Premature birth, the delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation, can be influenced by various factors, although in many cases, the exact cause remains unknown. However, certain risk factors can increase the likelihood of preterm birth: Multiple Pregnancies: Expecting twins, triplets, or other multiples can increase the risk of premature birth, as multiple fetuses may put more strain on the uterus and lead to early labor. Previous Preterm Birth: Women who have previously given birth to a premature baby are at higher risk of experiencing another preterm birth in subsequent pregnancies. Uterine, Cervical, or Placental Problems: Conditions affecting the uterus, cervix, or placenta, such as cervical insufficiency or placenta previa, can contribute to premature labor and delivery. Maternal Age: Women who are either very young (under 17) or older (over 35) may have an increased risk of premature birth. Body Weight: Being underweight or overweight before pregnancy can impact pregnancy outcomes, including the risk of preterm birth. Substance Use: Smoking, consuming alcohol, or using illegal drugs during pregnancy can significantly increase the risk of premature birth. Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Conceiving through procedures such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) may slightly elevate the risk of preterm birth. History of Miscarriages or Abortions: Women who have experienced multiple miscarriages or abortions may have an increased risk of preterm birth in subsequent pregnancies. Short Interpregnancy Interval: Getting pregnant again too soon after a previous pregnancy (less than 6 months apart) may increase the risk of preterm birth. Maternal Health Conditions: Certain maternal health conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure (hypertension), or infections during pregnancy, can raise the risk of premature birth. Stressful Situations: Experiencing significant stress or trauma during pregnancy, such as the death of a loved one or other major life events, may contribute to preterm labor and delivery. Complications of a premature baby Premature babies face a range of short-term and long-term complications due to their early arrival and underdeveloped organs. These complications can vary in severity and may require medical intervention and ongoing monitoring. Here’s an overview of the potential issues premature babies may encounter: Short-Term Complications: Loss of Body Heat: Premature babies have less body fat, making them susceptible to rapid heat loss. Maintaining proper body temperature is crucial to prevent breathing difficulties and low blood sugar. Breathing Problems: Conditions such as apnea and respiratory distress syndrome may occur due to underdeveloped lungs. Treatment may involve providing supplemental oxygen or using a ventilator to support breathing. Heart Problems: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a common heart condition in premature infants, where a blood vessel fails to close after birth. Low blood pressure may also necessitate interventions such as fluid administration or medications. Brain Complications: Intraventricular hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain) is more common in premature infants. While some cases resolve without significant harm, severe bleeding can lead to long-term neurological issues. Digestive Issues: Necrotizing enterocolitis (inflammation of the intestines) can occur after feeding begins. Breastfeeding exclusively may lower the risk of this condition. Blood Disorders: Anemia, characterized by low red blood cell count, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin) due to elevated bilirubin levels are common among premature babies and may require treatment. Long-Term Complications: Vision Problems: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) can cause vision impairment or even blindness if left untreated. Regular eye exams are essential to monitor and manage this condition. Hearing Loss: Preemies are at increased risk of hearing impairment, necessitating early screening and intervention. Dental Issues: Delayed teething and dental abnormalities may affect premature infants. Cerebral Palsy: While not exclusive to premature birth, cerebral palsy is more prevalent among preterm infants and can impact movement and muscle coordination. Developmental and Behavioral Challenges: Premature babies may experience delays in reaching developmental milestones and may be at higher risk of learning disabilities and behavioral issues later in life. Other Health Concerns: Long-term conditions such as infections, asthma, and feeding difficulties may persist into childhood and beyond. Diagnosis Doctors diagnose premature birth based on: Gestational Age: Determined through prenatal ultrasound or maternal medical history. Physical Examination: Assessing the infant’s size, weight, and overall health at birth. Medical Tests: Blood tests, imaging scans, and monitoring for signs of complications. Treatments for premature infant Premature infants often require specialized care in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Treatment may include: Respiratory Support: Mechanical ventilation or oxygen therapy to assist breathing. Nutritional Support: Intravenous fluids, feeding tubes, or specialized formula to meet nutritional needs. Temperature Regulation: Incubators or radiant warmers to maintain body temperature. Monitoring and Medications: Continuous monitoring of vital signs and administration of medications to prevent infections or manage complications. Home Care Tips Once discharged from the hospital, parents of premature infants can take steps to promote their health and development: Follow-up Appointments: Attend regular follow-up appointments with pediatricians or specialists. Breastfeeding: If possible, breast milk provides essential nutrients and antibodies for premature babies. Kangaroo Care: Skin-to-skin contact with parents can promote bonding and regulate the baby’s temperature. Developmental Support: Engage in age-appropriate activities to support physical and cognitive development. Monitor Health: Watch for signs of illness or developmental delays and seek medical advice promptly. Prevention of premature infant Taking proactive steps before and during pregnancy can help reduce the risk of premature birth. Here are some strategies to consider: Interpregnancy Interval: Wait at least 18 months between pregnancies to allow your body to recover fully from the previous pregnancy and childbirth. Maintain Healthy Weight: Aim for a healthy weight before getting pregnant and strive to maintain it throughout pregnancy. Consult with a healthcare provider for personalized advice on nutrition and exercise. Avoid Harmful Substances: Refrain from smoking, drinking alcohol, or using illicit drugs, as these substances can increase the risk of preterm birth and other complications. Prenatal Care: Initiate prenatal care early in pregnancy and attend all scheduled appointments with your healthcare provider. Regular prenatal visits allow for early detection and management of potential risk factors. Manage Health Conditions: Receive appropriate treatment for any pre-existing health conditions, such as diabetes, hypertension, or infections, to optimize pregnancy outcomes and reduce the risk of preterm birth. Vaccinations: Ensure you are up-to-date on recommended vaccinations before and during pregnancy to protect against infectious diseases that could harm both you and your baby. Stress Reduction: Implement stress-reduction techniques such as relaxation exercises, mindfulness, yoga, or seeking support from friends, family, or mental health professionals to manage stress during pregnancy. Mental Health: Seek treatment for depression or anxiety if needed, as untreated mental health conditions can impact pregnancy outcomes. Counseling, therapy, or medication may be recommended based on individual circumstances. If you are at high risk of preterm labor, your healthcare provider may recommend specific interventions to help prevent premature birth: Progesterone Supplements: Progesterone supplementation may be prescribed if you have a history of preterm birth or cervical issues. Progesterone helps support the uterus and may reduce the risk of premature labor. Cervical Cerclage: If you have a short cervix, your doctor may recommend a cervical cerclage procedure. During this surgery, the cervix is stitched closed to provide additional support and prevent premature dilation. The stitches are typically removed near the end of pregnancy. After Birth expectations After the birth of a premature baby, parents can expect the following: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Care: Premature babies often require specialized care in the NICU, where they are monitored closely by neonatologists and nurses. Various medical devices and machines may be used to support the baby’s health and development, including incubators, monitors for vital signs, ventilators for breathing support, IV fluids, and feeding tubes. Parental Bonding: Despite being in the NICU, parents are encouraged to bond with their baby as much as possible. Touch, hold, and feeding opportunities are provided once the baby’s condition allows. Skin-to-skin contact, also known as kangaroo care, is highly beneficial for premature infants and helps promote bonding, regulate body temperature, and support overall well-being. Breastfeeding Support: Mothers are often encouraged to pump breast milk for their premature babies, as breast milk provides essential nutrients and antibodies that help protect the baby from infections and promote healthy growth. NICU staff can provide guidance and support to mothers regarding breastfeeding and pumping techniques. Medical Monitoring and Treatment: Premature babies may require ongoing medical monitoring and treatment to address any complications or health concerns that arise. This may include respiratory support, nutritional support, management of infections, and addressing any developmental delays or medical conditions that may occur as a result of prematurity. Follow-Up Care: After discharge from the NICU, premature babies may require ongoing follow-up care with pediatricians, specialists, and early intervention programs to monitor their growth, development, and overall health. Regular medical assessments and developmental screenings are essential to identify any potential issues early and provide appropriate interventions. Bringing your premature baby home from the hospital This is a significant milestone, but it’s essential to ensure that your baby is ready and equipped for the transition. Here are some key points to consider: Medical Clearance: Your baby’s doctor will determine when it’s safe for them to go home based on factors such as their ability to breathe independently, feed effectively, maintain body temperature, and gain weight steadily. Once your baby meets these criteria and is stable enough, they will be cleared for discharge. Special Equipment: Some premature babies may require special equipment or medical devices even after they are discharged home. This could include monitors for respiratory or cardiac function, supplemental oxygen, or feeding tubes. It’s essential to receive thorough training from healthcare professionals on how to use and monitor these devices effectively. Vaccinations: Ensure that your baby is up to date on all recommended vaccinations before leaving the hospital. Vaccinations help protect your baby from various infectious diseases and are a crucial part of their ongoing healthcare. Parental Support and Self-Care: Caring for a premature baby can be demanding physically, emotionally, and mentally. It’s essential to prioritize self-care and seek support from friends, family, healthcare professionals, and support groups. Take time to rest, eat nutritiously, and manage stress effectively to maintain your well-being while caring for your baby. Emotional Rollercoaster: It’s normal to experience a range of emotions as you navigate the challenges and joys of caring for a premature baby. Joining a support group or seeking counseling can provide valuable emotional support and guidance during this time. Follow-Up Care: Schedule follow-up appointments with your baby’s pediatrician to monitor their growth, development, and overall health. Early intervention services may be recommended if your baby requires additional support with developmental milestones. Tracking developmental milestones Tracking developmental milestones is crucial for monitoring your premature baby’s progress and ensuring they are meeting important developmental targets. Here’s how you can effectively track and interpret developmental milestones for your preemie: Use Corrected Age: Adjust your baby’s age based on their corrected age, which is calculated by subtracting the number of weeks they were born early from their current age. This approach provides a more accurate assessment of your baby’s development compared to chronological age, especially during the early months and years. Consult Milestone Charts: Refer to developmental milestone charts designed specifically for premature babies, which take into account their adjusted age. These charts outline typical developmental milestones for preemies at various corrected ages, allowing you to track your baby’s progress accurately. Monitor Progress Regularly: Keep track of your baby’s development by noting when they achieve key milestones such as smiling, rolling over, sitting up, crawling, and walking. Discuss your observations with your pediatrician during regular check-ups to ensure your baby is progressing as expected. Seek Early Intervention: If you notice any delays or concerns regarding your preemie’s development, don’t hesitate to discuss them with your pediatrician. Early intervention services, such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, or speech therapy, can help address developmental delays and support your baby’s overall progress. Celebrate Progress: Celebrate each milestone your preemie achieves, no matter how small. Recognizing and celebrating their achievements can boost both your and your baby’s confidence and motivation as you navigate their developmental journey. Factors affecting the growth and development of a premature infant Several factors can influence the growth and development of premature babies: Gestational Age: The earlier a baby is born, the higher the risk of developmental delays and long-term complications. Extremely preterm babies, born before 28 weeks, are more likely to experience significant challenges compared to late preterm infants, born between 34 and 37 weeks. Birth Weight: Low birth weight is often associated with prematurity and can impact a baby’s growth trajectory and overall health. Babies with lower birth weights may require additional support to thrive and reach developmental milestones. Presence of Other Health Conditions: Premature infants are more susceptible to various medical issues, including respiratory distress syndrome, infections, and gastrointestinal complications. These health concerns can affect their ability to grow and develop at a typical rate. Duration and Complexity of Hospital Treatment: Babies who spend an extended period in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and require intensive medical interventions may experience delays in growth and development. Complex treatments and prolonged hospital stays can also impact their physical and cognitive development. Nutritional Support: Adequate nutrition is crucial for the growth and development of premature babies. Specialized feeding strategies, including breast milk fortification and nutritional supplements, may be necessary to support optimal growth and catch-up growth in preterm infants. Early Intervention Programs: Access to early intervention services, such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, and developmental assessments, can play a significant role in promoting the development of premature babies. These programs aim to address developmental delays and support the acquisition of essential skills. Top tips for parents of a premature infant These tips provide valuable guidance for parents of premature babies as they navigate their child’s growth and development journey: Understand Differences: Recognize that preemies may have unique needs and behaviors compared to full-term babies. Be prepared for potential challenges such as fussiness and sleep disturbances, but know that most of these issues typically resolve with time. Don’t Obsess Over Milestones: Avoid excessive worry about your baby meeting specific developmental milestones on a precise schedule. Instead, focus on your child’s overall progress and growth trajectory. If you have concerns, discuss them with your pediatrician for reassurance and guidance. Celebrate Progress: Acknowledge and celebrate the incremental achievements and advancements your baby makes in their development. Whether it’s a small milestone or a significant milestone, every step forward is a cause for celebration and pride. Maintain Records: Keep detailed records of your baby’s growth, development, and health-related information. These records can serve as valuable references during medical appointments and help you track your child’s progress over time. Collaborate with Healthcare Professionals: Establish a collaborative relationship with your child’s medical team, including pediatricians and specialists. Attend regular check-ups and appointments to monitor your baby’s health and receive expert guidance on their care and development. Explore Early Intervention Services: Take advantage of early intervention programs and services available for infants and toddlers at risk of developmental delays or disabilities. These programs offer specialized support and therapies tailored to your child’s unique needs, promoting optimal development and well-being. When to See a Doctor Parents should seek medical assistance if their premature infant exhibits: Breathing Difficulties: Rapid breathing, grunting, or retractions while breathing. Feeding Problems: Difficulty latching, sucking, or swallowing during feeding. Temperature Instability: Signs of hypothermia (low body temperature) or hyperthermia (high body temperature). Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin or eyes. Lethargy or Irritability: Unusual sleepiness or fussiness beyond typical newborn behavior. Outlook/Prognosis The outlook for premature infants varies depending on various factors, including gestational age, birth weight, overall health, and the presence of any complications. With advances in medical technology and specialized neonatal care, many premature babies go on to lead healthy lives. However, some may experience long-term developmental or health challenges requiring ongoing support and intervention. Sources March of Dimes. “Premature Birth.” American Academy of Pediatrics. “Preterm Birth.” World Health Organization. “Preterm Birth. Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses: “Premature expectations.” Kids Health: “When your baby’s in the NICU.” American Lung Association: National Institutes of Health: “Premature Babies.” Mayo Clinic: “Premature birth.” National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: MyHealth Alberta: “Learning About Anemia of Prematurity.” Kids Health May 14, 2024 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestLinkedinEmail
Preterm Labor PRETERM LABOR by Justina May 13, 2024 written by Justina Preterm labor, also known as premature labor, is a concerning condition wherein a pregnant woman’s body begins to prepare for childbirth too early, before the 37th week of pregnancy. This premature onset of labor can lead to the birth of a baby who may not be fully developed, posing potential health risks for both the infant and the mother. It is considered premature if it starts more than three weeks before your due date. While premature labor can result in an early birth, medical interventions can often delay delivery. Allowing your baby to continue growing inside the womb until closer to the due date can significantly reduce the likelihood of complications after birth. Causes of Preterm labor Preterm labor can result from a myriad of factors, some of which are within your control, while others are not. Major Risk Factors for Preterm Labor: Previous Preterm Birth: If you’ve previously given birth prematurely, you’re at an increased risk of experiencing preterm labor again. Multiple Pregnancy: Carrying twins, triplets, or more significantly elevates the risk of preterm labor. Uterine, Cervical, or Vaginal Issues: Any existing or historical complications with the uterus, cervix, or vagina can predispose you to preterm labor. Additional Pregnancy-Related Risk Factors: Persistent Vaginal Bleeding: Experiencing vaginal bleeding throughout pregnancy can indicate a heightened risk of preterm labor. Assisted Reproduction: Being pregnant through in vitro fertilization (IVF) may increase the likelihood of preterm labor. Suspected Congenital Disability: Pregnancies involving fetuses suspected of having congenital disabilities are associated with a higher risk of preterm labor. Short Pregnancy Spacing: Having short intervals between pregnancies can increase the risk of preterm labor. Age and Race-Related Risk Factors: Extreme Maternal Age: Being younger than 17 or older than 35 elevates the risk of preterm labor. Ethnicity: Individuals of Black ethnicity are more prone to preterm labor. Lifestyle-Related Risk Factors: Inadequate Prenatal Care: Failing to receive adequate prenatal care can contribute to preterm labor. Nutritional Status: Being underweight or overweight before pregnancy, inadequate weight gain during pregnancy, or consuming a poor diet can increase the risk of preterm labor. Substance Use: Smoking cigarettes, consuming alcohol, or using illicit drugs during pregnancy are significant risk factors for preterm labor. Occupational Factors: Engaging in physically demanding jobs that involve prolonged standing or working long hours may heighten the risk of preterm labor. Stress and Anxiety: High levels of stress or anxiety during pregnancy can contribute to preterm labor. Exposure to Harmful Substances: Being exposed to teratogens such as chemicals, lead, radiation, or other harmful substances can increase the risk of preterm labor. Medical Risk Factors: Untreated Infections: Untreated vaginal infections, including urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted infections, can lead to preterm labor. Connective Tissue Disorders: Conditions like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) increase the risk of preterm labor. Placental Issues: Problems with the placenta, such as placental abruption or placenta previa, can contribute to preterm labor. Amniotic Fluid Abnormalities: Having too much (polyhydramnios) or too little (oligohydramnios) amniotic fluid may increase the risk of preterm labor. Uterine or Cervical Abnormalities: Conditions like a short cervix or irregularly shaped uterus can predispose you to preterm labor. Previous Surgeries: Prior surgeries on the cervix or uterus can increase the risk of preterm labor. Medical Conditions: Preexisting medical conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or blood clotting disorders may heighten the risk of preterm labor. Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy (ICP): This liver condition occurring during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of preterm labor. Prevalence: Preterm labor is a significant public health concern globally. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 15 million babies are born prematurely each year, accounting for approximately 1 in 10 births worldwide. The prevalence varies across regions and is influenced by socioeconomic factors, access to healthcare, and maternal health status. Symptoms It’s crucial to be aware of the symptoms of preterm labor. Contact your healthcare provider immediately if you experience any of the following symptoms, especially if they persist for an hour or are severe: Four or more contractions within an hour that persist despite changing positions or attempting relaxation. Consistent lower back pain that may be intermittent or constant and isn’t alleviated by changing positions. Abdominal cramping resembling gas pain, possibly accompanied by diarrhea. Increased pressure in the pelvis or vagina. Menstrual-like cramps that persist. Heightened vaginal discharge, particularly if it’s mucus-like or tinged pink. Fluid leakage from the vagina, potentially indicating amniotic fluid loss. Vaginal bleeding. Flu-like symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting. Decreased fetal movements, especially if you don’t feel at least six movements within an hour. Monitoring Contractions Determining whether you’re experiencing contractions involves distinguishing between Braxton Hicks contractions and true labor contractions. Unlike Braxton Hicks contractions, real contractions become more frequent, intense, and continuous over time, unaffected by rest or changes in position. If you’re uncertain about the nature of your contractions, contact your healthcare provider for guidance. How to Check for Contractions Spotting early labor involves checking for contractions, a vital aspect of monitoring your pregnancy. Here’s how you can do it: Place your fingertips on your abdomen. Feel for the tightening and softening of your uterus, indicating a contraction. Time your contractions by noting the start time of one contraction and the subsequent contraction. Take steps to alleviate contractions, such as getting off your feet, changing your position, relaxing, and hydrating with two or three glasses of water. Contact your doctor or midwife if contractions persist every 10 minutes or more frequently, if symptoms worsen, or if you experience severe and persistent pain. It’s important to recognize that many women experience harmless false labor known as Braxton Hicks contractions. These contractions are typically irregular, do not become closer together, and cease when you move or rest. If you’re unsure about the type of contractions you’re experiencing, seek medical advice. Hospital Visit for Premature Labor If your healthcare provider suspects premature labor, a hospital visit may be necessary. Upon arrival, you can expect the following: Medical Assessment: Your medical history, including medications taken during pregnancy, will be reviewed. Vital signs such as pulse, blood pressure, and temperature will be checked. Monitoring: Monitoring devices will be used to assess your baby’s heart rate and contractions. Fetal fibronectin may be swabbed to predict the risk of early delivery. Testing: Tests may include urine or cervical swabs for infection and cervical examination to assess dilation. Diagnosing Preterm labor Preterm labor is typically diagnosed through a comprehensive assessment, focusing on the condition of the cervix and monitoring for signs of labor. Your healthcare provider employs various diagnostic techniques to evaluate your situation, including: Pelvic Examination: Your healthcare provider conducts a pelvic exam to assess the cervix. Effacement (thinning) and dilation (opening) of the cervix suggest the onset of preterm labor. Ultrasound: An ultrasound scan is performed to evaluate the size and position of the fetus within the uterus. Additionally, it helps identify any potential issues with the placenta or abnormalities in the amniotic fluid. Contractions Monitoring: Your provider may connect you to a contraction monitor, which measures the frequency, duration, and intensity of contractions. This monitoring helps determine if you’re experiencing preterm contractions. Fetal Fibronectin Test: A sample of vaginal fluid is collected to conduct a fetal fibronectin test. Fetal fibronectin is a protein that plays a role in attaching the amniotic sac to the uterus. Detection of fetal fibronectin in vaginal discharge may indicate the initiation of labor. Treatments for Preterm labor If you’re experiencing preterm labor, your healthcare provider may intervene with various strategies to mitigate the risk of premature delivery and ensure the best possible outcome for both you and your baby. The management of preterm labor typically involves the following approaches: 1. Medications to Halt Labor Progression: a. Tocolytics: These medications are administered to temporarily halt contractions and delay preterm birth for up to 48 hours. This delay provides crucial time for administering other interventions and transferring the mother to a facility equipped with a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). b. Magnesium Sulfate: Given intravenously, magnesium sulfate helps reduce the risk of cerebral palsy and neurological complications in premature infants, particularly if delivery is anticipated within the next 24 hours and the mother is less than 32 weeks pregnant. c. Corticosteroids: Administered between 24 and 34 weeks of pregnancy, corticosteroids aid in the maturation of the fetus’s lungs, digestive organs, and brain, enhancing their readiness for early delivery. 2. Evaluation of Pregnancy Progress: Your healthcare provider will assess various factors, including the gestational age of the fetus, the safety of early delivery, and the underlying reasons for preterm labor (such as medical conditions, placental issues, or infections). 3.Delivery Decision: If preterm labor progresses and cannot be halted, delivery may become necessary. In such cases, your healthcare provider will carefully weigh the risks and benefits of early delivery to determine the most appropriate course of action. Home Care Tips While preterm labor often requires medical intervention, there are some measures pregnant women can take at home to reduce the risk: Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day to maintain hydration and prevent dehydration-induced contractions. Bed rest: Resting at home or in a hospital setting may be recommended to reduce physical activity and minimize stress on the uterus. Avoid risky behaviors: Refrain from smoking, consuming alcohol, or using illicit drugs, as these substances can increase the risk of preterm labor. Monitor symptoms: Pay attention to any unusual symptoms such as contractions, abdominal pain, or vaginal bleeding, and report them promptly to your healthcare provider. Prevention Preventive Medications: For individuals with a history of preterm birth, preventive medications may be recommended to reduce the risk of recurrent preterm labor. The most commonly prescribed medication for this purpose is progesterone, which is typically administered via vaginal suppositories. In some cases, a cervical cerclage procedure may be recommended, involving the surgical stitching of the cervix to prevent premature dilation. While it’s challenging to entirely prevent preterm labor, certain measures can help reduce the risk of its occurrence. Here are some strategies you can implement to lower your risk: Avoid Harmful Substances: Refrain from smoking cigarettes, consuming alcohol, using recreational drugs, or misusing prescription medications, as these substances can increase the likelihood of preterm labor. Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle: Attain a healthy weight before pregnancy and aim to gain an appropriate amount of weight during pregnancy. Focus on consuming nutritious foods, take prenatal vitamins, and find effective ways to manage stress, such as staying active, reading, or engaging in relaxation techniques. Attend Regular Prenatal Appointments: Ensure you attend all prenatal appointments and schedule regular dental cleanings. Good gum health is linked to a reduced risk of preterm labor. Manage Medical Conditions: Seek treatment for any existing medical conditions, such as hypertension, gestational diabetes, depression, or vaginal infections, to help minimize the risk of preterm labor. Optimal Pregnancy Spacing: Space your pregnancies by at least 12 to 18 months to allow your body adequate time to recover between pregnancies. Avoiding infections: Practice good hygiene, use protection during sexual activity, and seek prompt treatment for any infections. Maintain Oral Health: Practice good dental hygiene by brushing and flossing your teeth daily. Research suggests a link between gum disease and preterm birth. Consider Progesterone Therapy: In certain cases, progesterone treatment may be recommended to prevent preterm birth. This therapy may involve vaginal progesterone for individuals with a short cervix or progesterone injections throughout pregnancy for those with a history of preterm birth. Effects of Premature Birth If your baby is born prematurely, they may face unique challenges. Here’s what to expect: Developmental Milestones: Premature babies may reach developmental milestones at a slower pace compared to full-term infants. They may require additional time to achieve skills such as rolling over, grasping objects, or speaking. Long-Term Health Risks: Premature infants have a heightened risk of long-term health issues, including autism, intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, respiratory problems, and sensory impairments. Some may experience behavioral or learning difficulties later in life. Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Care: Depending on the gestational age at birth, premature infants may require specialized care in the NICU. Babies born earlier than 7 months gestation typically face more significant health challenges and prolonged NICU stays. Post-Hospital Care for Premature Infants After discharge from the hospital, it’s essential to monitor your premature infant closely. Here are some considerations: Feeding: Premature babies may have difficulty feeding and may need frequent, smaller feedings. Seek guidance from healthcare professionals if feeding challenges arise. Sleep Patterns: Premature infants may exhibit sleepiness and may need to be awakened for feedings. Follow safe sleep practices and place your baby on their back to sleep. Respiratory Health: Monitor your baby’s breathing patterns and seek medical attention if breathing difficulties occur. Temperature Regulation: Premature infants may struggle to maintain body temperature. Keep the environment warm and monitor for signs of temperature instability. Jaundice: Watch for signs of jaundice, such as yellowing of the skin or eyes, and seek prompt medical evaluation if symptoms are present. Infections: Premature infants have an increased susceptibility to infections due to an immature immune system. Monitor for signs of illness and promptly contact your healthcare provider if concerns arise. When to See a Doctor Knowing when to seek medical attention is crucial if you suspect preterm labor. Contact your healthcare provider immediately if you experience any of the following symptoms: Abnormal Vaginal Discharge or Bleeding: Notify your healthcare provider if you observe any unusual vaginal discharge or experience bleeding. Contractions or Cramping: Inform your healthcare provider if you notice contractions or cramping, with or without diarrhea, particularly if they are persistent or intensify. Lower Back Pain: Ongoing pain in the lower back could indicate preterm labor and warrants prompt evaluation by your healthcare provider. Pelvic or Abdominal Pressure: Feelings of pressure in the pelvis or abdomen should be reported to your healthcare provider, as they could be indicative of preterm labor. Rupture of Membranes: If your “water breaks” or you experience a sudden gush of fluid, contact your healthcare provider immediately. Prompt evaluation by a healthcare provider can help determine the appropriate course of action and optimize outcomes for both mother and baby. Outlook/Prognosis The outlook for preterm labor depends on various factors, including gestational age at delivery, the overall health of the mother and baby, and the presence of any complications. With timely intervention and proper medical care, many preterm babies go on to lead healthy lives. However, preterm birth can increase the risk of short-term and long-term health issues for the infant, including respiratory problems, developmental delays, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Sources World Health Organization (WHO) – Preterm birth American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) – Preterm Labo March of Dimes – Preterm Labor and Birth Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – Preterm Birth Mayo Clinic – Preterm Labor May 13, 2024 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestLinkedinEmail
Pre-eclampsia PRE-ECLAMPSIA by Justina May 9, 2024 written by Justina Pregnancy is a transformative journey for any woman, but sometimes, it comes with unexpected challenges. One such challenge is pre-eclampsia, a condition that affects expectant mothers, posing risks to both mother and child. Preeclampsia, previously known as toxemia, occurs during pregnancy when there’s high blood pressure, excess protein in urine, and swelling in the legs, feet, and hands. Its severity can vary from mild to severe, typically occurring later in pregnancy but may also manifest earlier or shortly after childbirth. The only definitive treatment for preeclampsia is childbirth. However, even after delivery, symptoms may persist for six weeks or longer. Being aware of preeclampsia symptoms and attending regular prenatal check-ups can aid in early detection, potentially reducing the risk of long-term complications for both the mother and baby. Understanding Postpartum Preeclampsia Postpartum preeclampsia is a rare condition characterized by high blood pressure and excess protein in urine following childbirth. It commonly occurs within 48 hours after delivery but can also arise six weeks or later afterward, termed as late postpartum preeclampsia. Immediate medical attention is essential for postpartum preeclampsia as it can lead to seizures or other severe complications if left untreated. Preeclampsia and Eclampsia Preeclampsia can progress to eclampsia, a serious condition posing health risks for both mother and baby and, in rare instances, leading to fatalities. Eclampsia occurs when preeclampsia culminates in seizures. Causes of Pre-eclampsia Pre-eclampsia’s precise cause remains elusive, but it’s believed to originate from abnormal placental development early in pregnancy. This abnormal development leads to poor blood supply to the placenta, triggering the release of certain proteins into the mother’s bloodstream, causing blood vessels to constrict and leading to high blood pressure.Reduced blood flow to the uterus might contribute to the condition, alongside genetic factors. How Rapidly Does Preeclampsia Develop? can emerge as early as the 20th week of pregnancy, although this occurrence is uncommon. Symptoms typically commence after the 34th week. In some instances, symptoms manifest post-delivery, usually within 48 hours. It’s crucial to note that preeclampsia can occur without presenting any symptoms. Prevalence Pre-eclampsia affects around 5-8% of pregnancies worldwide, making it a significant concern in maternal health. Other Pregnancy-Related High Blood Pressure Disorders Preeclampsia is one of four high blood pressure disorders that can arise during pregnancy: Gestational hypertension: High blood pressure occurring after the 20th week of pregnancy without significant protein in urine. It typically resolves after childbirth. Chronic hypertension: High blood pressure present before pregnancy or before the 20th week of gestation. Chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia: Chronic high blood pressure worsening during pregnancy, leading to increased protein in urine and additional complications. Symptoms of Pre-eclampsia Apart from swelling (known as edema), increased protein in urine, and blood pressure exceeding 140/90, preeclampsia symptoms encompass: Rapid weight gain within 1 or 2 days due to a significant surge in bodily fluids. Shoulder discomfort. Abdominal pain, particularly on the upper right side. Intense headaches. Alterations in reflexes or mental state. Decreased or absent urination. Dizziness. Breathing difficulties. Severe nausea and vomiting. Visual changes such as flashing lights, floaters, or blurred vision. However, it’s possible to have preeclampsia without exhibiting any symptoms. Hence, regular check-ups with your doctor for blood pressure monitoring and urine tests are essential. High Blood Pressure and Preeclampsia Uncontrolled high blood pressure during pregnancy can lead to serious complications for both you and your baby. High blood pressure might precede pregnancy or arise for the first time during gestation. Preeclampsia represents a severe form of high blood pressure that can occur during pregnancy or shortly after delivery. Risk Factors of Pre-eclampsia Certain factors elevate the risk of developing preeclampsia: High-Risk Factors: History of preeclampsia. Carrying multiple babies (twins, triplets, etc.). Chronic hypertension. Kidney disease. Diabetes. Autoimmune conditions like lupus. Presence of multiple moderate-risk factors. Moderate-Risk Factors: First pregnancy. Pregnancy occurring more than 10 years after the last one. BMI exceeding 30. Family history of preeclampsia (e.g., mother or sister experiencing it). Age 35 or older. Previous pregnancy complications such as delivering a low birth weight baby. Undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). Being Black (due to disparities increasing the risk of illness). Lower income status (due to disparities increasing the risk of illness). Is Preeclampsia a Medical Emergency? Dealing with preeclampsia demands serious attention from your healthcare provider. They’ll closely monitor and manage your condition. However, if preeclampsia progresses to eclampsia, marked by seizures, or if severe complications arise, it becomes a medical emergency. Urgent treatment, usually administered in a hospital setting, is crucial to alleviate symptoms and ensure the safe delivery of your baby. Diagnosing Preeclampsia Preeclampsia is diagnosed when high blood pressure is accompanied by at least one of the following indicators: Elevated protein levels in urine Insufficient platelets in the blood Elevated levels of kidney-related chemicals in the blood Elevated levels of liver-related chemicals in the blood Fluid accumulation in the lungs Persistent, unrelieved headaches despite medication To confirm the diagnosis, your healthcare provider may conduct various tests, including: Blood tests to assess platelet count and levels of kidney or liver chemicals Urine tests to measure protein levels Ultrasounds, nonstress tests, or biophysical profiles to monitor the growth and well-being of your baby Treatments for Pre-eclampsia The definitive solution for preeclampsia and eclampsia is childbirth. Your doctor will discuss the timing of delivery based on your baby’s gestational age, their well-being in the womb, and the severity of your preeclampsia. If your baby has reached a healthy stage, typically 37 weeks or beyond, your doctor may recommend inducing labor or performing a cesarean section. This proactive approach helps prevent the worsening of preeclampsia. When your baby isn’t nearing full term, you and your doctor might opt to manage mild preeclampsia until it’s safe to deliver. The closer the delivery aligns with your due date, the better it is for your baby’s health. For cases of mild preeclampsia, also known as preeclampsia without severe features, your doctor may advise: Resting, either at home or in the hospital, primarily on your left side Close monitoring with fetal heart rate monitoring and frequent ultrasounds Prescription medications to regulate blood pressure Regular blood and urine tests In some instances, hospitalization may be necessary for close observation. During hospital stays, treatments may include: Medications to prevent seizures, lower blood pressure, and mitigate other complications Steroid injections to accelerate the development of your baby’s lungs Additional treatments might involve: Magnesium injections to prevent eclampsia-related seizures Administration of hydralazine or other blood pressure medications In cases of severe preeclampsia, prompt delivery may be imperative, regardless of gestational age. Following delivery, preeclampsia symptoms typically subside within 1 to 6 weeks, although they may persist for a longer duration. Home Care Tips While under medical supervision, expectant mothers can take certain measures at home to manage pre-eclampsia, such as monitoring blood pressure regularly, resting in a left lateral position to improve blood flow to the uterus, reducing salt intake, staying hydrated, and attending all prenatal appointments. Can babies survive if the mother has preeclampsia? Most babies born to mothers with preeclampsia are healthy. However, untreated preeclampsia can lead to severe health issues for both mother and baby. Complications of Preeclampsia Preeclampsia can impede the placenta’s blood supply, resulting in fetal growth restriction, where the baby is born significantly underweight. This condition is known as fetal growth restriction. Furthermore, it stands as one of the primary causes of premature births and subsequent complications such as learning disabilities, epilepsy, cerebral palsy, and sensory impairments. Preeclampsia may lead to rare yet severe complications, including: Eclampsia: Characterized by seizures or coma accompanied by preeclampsia symptoms. It’s challenging to predict if preeclampsia will progress to eclampsia, and seizures can occur without prior warning signs. Symptoms preceding seizures may include intense headaches, vision disturbances, mental confusion, and altered behavior. Eclampsia can arise before, during, or after childbirth. Preterm Birth: Delivery occurring before 37 weeks, increasing the risk of respiratory and feeding difficulties, sensory impairments, developmental delays, and cerebral palsy in the newborn. Interventions before preterm delivery may mitigate some risks. Stroke Seizure Fluid accumulation in the chest Reversible blindness Liver bleeding Postpartum bleeding Organ Damage: Preeclampsia can harm the kidneys, liver, lungs, heart, and eyes, potentially leading to stroke or other brain injuries. The extent of organ damage correlates with the severity of preeclampsia. Cardiovascular Disease: Preeclampsia increases the risk of future cardiovascular diseases, particularly if it recurs or if there’s a history of preterm delivery. When preeclampsia or eclampsia compromises liver and blood cell function, it can result in a condition known as HELLP syndrome, characterized by: Hemolysis: Breakdown of red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport. Elevated liver enzymes: High levels indicating liver dysfunction. Low platelet counts: Insufficient platelets impairing blood clotting. HELLP syndrome necessitates immediate medical attention. Seek emergency care if experiencing symptoms like blurry vision, chest or abdominal pain, headaches, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, facial or hand swelling, or bleeding from the gums or nose. Additionally, preeclampsia can precipitate sudden separation of the placenta from the uterus, termed placental abruption, which may lead to stillbirth. Prevention For those at increased risk of preeclampsia, a daily low-dose aspirin (81 milligrams) might be recommended by your doctor. However, always consult with them before taking any medications, vitamins, or supplements. Additionally, discuss lifestyle adjustments with your doctor to promote overall health and potentially reduce the risk of preeclampsia. This might include: Maintaining a healthy weight before pregnancy Quitting smoking and excessive alcohol consumption during pregnancy attending regular prenatal check-ups Regular exercise Managing pre-existing conditions like blood pressure or blood sugar levels When to See a Doctor Expectant mothers should promptly report any unusual symptoms to their healthcare provider, including sudden swelling, persistent headaches, visual disturbances, or abdominal pain, as these could indicate pre-eclampsia or other pregnancy complications. Outlook/Prognosis With timely diagnosis and proper management, many women with pre-eclampsia go on to have healthy pregnancies and deliveries. However, untreated pre-eclampsia can lead to serious complications for both mother and baby, including seizures (eclampsia), organ damage, and preterm birth. Note Preeclampsia occurs during pregnancy and is characterized by high blood pressure, excessive protein in urine, and swelling in the legs, feet, and hands. Formerly known as toxemia, preeclampsia typically occurs in the later stages of pregnancy but can manifest earlier or postpartum. Preeclampsia is one of four pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders. Without treatment, preeclampsia can lead to severe complications such as eclampsia, posing risks to both mother and baby. Immediate medical attention is crucial if experiencing symptoms of preeclampsia. Early delivery is often advised in cases of preeclampsia. The only definitive treatment for preeclampsia is delivery. Sources American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2020). Hypertension in pregnancy. Mayo Clinic. (2020). Preeclampsia. March of Dimes: “Preeclampsia,” “HELLP Syndrome.” Patients Up to Date: “Preeclampsia.” University of Maryland: “Preeclampsia.” MedLine Plus: “Preeclampsia.” Preeclampsia Foundation: “Signs & Symptoms,” “What Is Superimposed Preeclampsia?” “FAQs.” National Center for Advancing Transitional Sciences Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center: “HELLP syndrome.” Obstetrics & Gynecology: “ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 202: Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia.” Cleveland Clinic: “Preeclampsia.” University of Michigan: “Preeclampsia: Creatinine Clearance Test.” UpToDate: “Preeclampsia: Clinical features and diagnosis.” Patients Up to Date: “Preeclampsia.” Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child and Human Development: “What Are the Treatments for Preeclampsia, Eclampsia, & HELLP Syndrome?” National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2019). Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. World Health Organization. (2019). Maternal mortality. May 9, 2024 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestLinkedinEmail
Risks Linked With Twin Births TWIN BIRTHS RISKS by Justina April 24, 2024 written by Justina Twin births, while often celebrated for their unique dynamics and bond, come with their own set of risks and considerations. While pregnancy always involves some risks, carrying twins can bring additional challenges that may increase the chances of certain complications such as premature birth and diabetes for both the mother and babies. However, it’s important not to panic. With proper prenatal care, you can significantly improve the likelihood of experiencing a safe pregnancy and delivering healthy babies. Prevalence of twin births The prevalence of twin births has been on the rise in recent years, largely due to advancements in fertility treatments and delayed childbearing. In the United States, approximately 3% of all births are twins, with rates varying by demographic factors such as maternal age and race/ethnicity. Causes of twin birth Twin pregnancies typically occur as a result of the fertilization of two eggs by two sperm cells, leading to the development of fraternal (dizygotic) twins. Less commonly, a single fertilized egg may split into two embryos, resulting in identical (monozygotic) twins. Factors such as maternal age, family history of twinning, and fertility treatments can increase the likelihood of conceiving twins. Risk Linked to Twin Births Twin births risks includes: Premature Birth: More than half of twin pregnancies end in premature birth, happening before the 36th week. Premature babies might face health issues at birth and even long-term challenges. Low Birth Weight (LBW): Over 50% of twins are born with LBW, weighing less than 5 1/2 pounds. LBW babies could experience problems like vision or hearing loss, mental disabilities, or cerebral palsy, especially if born before 32 weeks or weighing less than 3 1/3 pounds. Twin to Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS): This affects about 10-15% of identical twins who share a placenta. TTTS occurs when blood vessels in the shared placenta connect unevenly, leading to one twin receiving too much blood while the other receives too little. It can be identified by differences in the babies’ skin color at birth, but with proper medical intervention like laser surgery or amniocentesis, TTTS can be managed. Preeclampsia: Twin pregnancies carry a higher risk of preeclampsia, a condition characterized by high blood pressure, swelling, headaches, and vision changes. Prompt medical attention is crucial to prevent complications for both you and your babies. If left untreated, preeclampsia can harm your baby’s development and affect your health. Gestational Diabetes: Developing diabetes during pregnancy, known as gestational diabetes, can result in larger-than-average babies. Delivering big babies may raise delivery-related complications and increase the likelihood of needing a cesarean section. These babies may also face breathing difficulties and low blood sugar at birth. However, managing your diet and closely monitoring your blood sugar levels can help mitigate these risks. Iron Deficiency Anemia: Inadequate iron levels leading to iron deficiency anemia can contribute to premature birth. It’s essential to incorporate iron-rich foods into your diet as recommended by your healthcare provider to support healthy red blood cell production. While these risks might sound daunting, remember that with regular prenatal care, you can actively manage and mitigate them, increasing the likelihood of a healthy pregnancy and delivery for both you and your twins. Management Management of twin pregnancies may involve more frequent prenatal visits and specialized care to monitor for complications such as preterm labor or fetal growth restriction. In some cases, healthcare providers may recommend interventions such as bed rest or medication to manage pregnancy-related conditions. Sources American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2016). Multiple Pregnancy. Mayo Clinic. (2021). Twin Pregnancy: What Multiples Mean for Mom. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Twins, Triplets, Multiple Births. American Pregnancy Association. (2021). Multiple Pregnancy: Twins or More. April 24, 2024 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestLinkedinEmail
Tubal Pregnancy TUBAL PREGNANCY by Justina April 7, 2024 written by Justina Tubal pregnancy, also known as ectopic pregnancy, happens when a fertilized egg doesn’t implant in the uterus as it normally should. Instead, it attaches and starts growing outside the uterus, which can be risky for health. Normally, after fertilization, the egg implants itself into the lining of your uterus. However, in the case of an ectopic pregnancy, also known as an extrauterine pregnancy, the fertilized egg implants and grows outside the uterus. This can occur in various locations, such as the fallopian tubes, ovaries, abdomen, or the lower part of the cervix, which is situated above the vagina. In over 90% of instances, the egg attaches itself within a fallopian tube, a condition referred to as a tubal pregnancy. How frequent are ectopic pregnancies? Pinpointing exact rates is challenging, but research suggests that approximately 1 in every 50 pregnancies in the United States is ectopic. As the fertilized egg continues to grow in these abnormal locations, there’s a risk of it bursting, which can lead to severe and life-threatening bleeding. Immediate medical attention is crucial if this occurs. Untreated ectopic pregnancies can result in fatal consequences, making them the primary cause of pregnancy-related deaths during the initial trimester. Is it possible for a baby to survive in an ectopic pregnancy? No, it’s essential to understand that in an ectopic pregnancy, the fertilized egg isn’t viable. This means it cannot develop into a baby that could survive either inside or outside the body. The outcome will always be a loss of pregnancy. The reason behind this is that the egg cannot receive the necessary blood supply and support required for growth outside of the uterus. Ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage A miscarriage occurs when a pregnancy ends suddenly before the 20th week. While an ectopic pregnancy does result in a miscarriage, miscarriages can occur due to various other reasons, such as abnormalities in the number of chromosomes. Symptoms of Tubal Pregnancy Initially, an early ectopic pregnancy might stealthily unfold without any noticeable signs, mirroring the experience of a typical pregnancy. You may overlook your menstrual cycle and feel discomfort in your abdomen along with tenderness in your breasts. However, it’s vital to note that not all women experiencing an ectopic pregnancy will manifest all three primary indicators, which include a missed period, vaginal bleeding, and abdominal pain. Early clues of an ectopic pregnancy comprise: Nausea and Vomiting: Feeling queasy and experiencing episodes of vomiting. Intense Abdominal Cramps: sharp and distinct pains in the belly region. Unilateral pain: discomfort localized on one side of your body. Dizziness or weakness: feeling lightheaded or experiencing a sense of physical frailty. Pain Radiating to Unusual Areas: Uncommon pain sensations in the shoulder, neck, or rectum. Signs of a Ruptured Tubal Pregnancy In some cases, an ectopic pregnancy can lead to the rupture of the fallopian tube. Emergency symptoms include intense pain, with or without significant bleeding. It’s crucial to contact your doctor immediately if you experience heavy vaginal bleeding accompanied by lightheadedness, fainting, or shoulder pain. Severe abdominal pain, particularly on one side, should also prompt immediate medical attention. In such cases, it may be necessary to call 911 or head to the nearest hospital for urgent treatment. When do ectopic pregnancy symptoms begin? Symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy typically emerge quite early in the pregnancy, typically between the 4th and 12th weeks. Locations of Tubal Pregnancy Ectopic pregnancies, though commonly occurring in the fallopian tubes, can also take place in various other locations outside the uterus. These alternative sites include: Ovarian Ectopic Pregnancy (OEP): In this scenario, a fertilized egg attaches itself to the exterior of the ovary, leading to OEP. This occurrence might result from irregularities in the ovulation process, where the egg gets fertilized while still within the follicle. As the egg transitions from the fallopian tube to the ovary, OEP may manifest. Abdominal Ectopic Pregnancy: This rare type of ectopic pregnancy unfolds within the abdominal cavity, situated between the abdominal wall and the spine. The movement of fluid within the abdomen can sometimes carry an egg to the area behind the uterus, where fertilization may occur. Alternatively, an embryo could migrate from the reproductive tract to the abdominal cavity through lymphatic channels. Cervical Ectopic Pregnancy: Here, implantation of the egg occurs within the cervical canal. This particular type of ectopic pregnancy may arise due to damage within the uterine cavity, leading to abnormal implantation. Cesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancy (CSEP): CSEP involves the attachment of a fertilized egg to scar tissue resulting from a previous C-section. The weaker nature of scar tissue compared to the uterine lining increases the risk of tearing, potentially causing significant bleeding. Symptoms associated with these diverse ectopic pregnancies, such as vaginal bleeding and lower abdominal pain, often mirror those experienced with fallopian tube ectopic pregnancies. Causes of Tubal Pregnancy The exact cause of ectopic pregnancy may often remain unknown. However, one contributing factor could be damage to the fallopian tube, which obstructs the path of the fertilized egg into the uterus. Risk Factors for Tubal Pregnancy Several factors increase the likelihood of experiencing an ectopic pregnancy, including: Smoking cigarettes Advanced maternal age (older than 35) History of sexually transmitted infections Pelvic surgery results in scarring Previous ectopic pregnancy Attempted tubal ligation or tubal ligation reversal Undergoing fertility treatments like in vitro fertilization (IVF) Conception while having an intrauterine device (IUD) for birth control. Ectopic Pregnancy vs Endometriosis Endometriosis, a painful condition characterized by the growth of uterine lining tissue outside the uterus, primarily on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and pelvic lining, can increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy. Scarring from endometriosis may obstruct the path of the fertilized egg, leading to ectopic implantation. Complications of Ectopic Pregnancy During an ectopic pregnancy, the fertilized egg develops outside the uterus, typically within a structure capable of sustaining growth for several weeks. However, between 6 and 16 weeks, this structure often ruptures, resulting in severe bleeding. If left untreated, the excessive blood loss can lead to hemorrhagic shock, increasing the risk of mortality. Timely intervention before rupture significantly reduces the risk of death associated with ectopic pregnancy. If rupture occurs, it may cause damage to the fallopian tube to which the structure was attached. In such cases, surgical removal of the affected fallopian tube may be necessary. However, since most individuals have two fallopian tubes, fertility may still be possible if the other tube remains healthy. Nevertheless, if both tubes are damaged or absent, fertility issues may arise. In such instances, alternative fertility methods such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) can be explored under the guidance of a healthcare provider. Diagnosis of Ectopic Pregnancy To diagnose an ectopic pregnancy, your doctor will conduct various tests, including a pregnancy test and a pelvic examination. An essential diagnostic tool is ultrasound imaging, which provides detailed views of your uterus and fallopian tubes. Ultrasound for Ectopic Pregnancy: Ultrasound imaging is a non-invasive procedure that utilizes sound waves to create images of the internal structures of the uterus. Typically performed by a trained sonographer, this test can be conducted transvaginally or transabdominally. During the ultrasound, your doctor will assess for the presence, location, and viability of the gestational sac, as well as the presence of a fetal heartbeat. The procedure is painless and usually lasts around 15 to 20 minutes. Additionally, an abdominal ultrasound may be performed by moving a wand over the abdomen to confirm pregnancy or detect signs of internal bleeding. Treatment of Ectopic Pregnancy Since a fertilized egg cannot survive outside the uterus and poses a risk to your health, treatment is necessary. There are two primary methods of treatment: medication or surgery. Methotrexate for Ectopic Pregnancy: If your fallopian tube hasn’t ruptured and the pregnancy is not advanced, your doctor may administer a single dose of methotrexate. This medication inhibits the growth of the fertilized egg, allowing your body to absorb it over the course of 4-6 weeks. Methotrexate treatment avoids the need for surgical removal of the fallopian tube.Prior to receiving methotrexate, your doctor will conduct blood tests to assess your hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) levels, a hormone produced during pregnancy. Certain health conditions or breastfeeding may contraindicate methotrexate usage.Subsequent to the injection, follow-up appointments will monitor your hCG levels. If levels do not decrease sufficiently, additional doses may be necessary. It’s important to differentiate methotrexate treatment from a medical abortion, which involves a different medication regimen for terminating a viable pregnancy within the uterus. Surgery for Ectopic Pregnancy: In cases where medication is not suitable or effective, surgical intervention becomes necessary. Laparoscopy, the most common surgical approach, involves making small incisions in the lower abdomen to remove the ectopic pregnancy. If the fallopian tube is damaged, it may also be removed. Emergency surgery, known as laparotomy, with a larger incision may be required in cases of severe bleeding or suspected rupture. Possible side effects of surgery include pain, bleeding, and infection. Following either treatment method, you may experience fatigue and abdominal discomfort for several weeks, along with lingering pregnancy-like symptoms. It may take several menstrual cycles to fully recover. Aftercare and Future Pregnancy After experiencing an ectopic pregnancy, it’s important to consider the following steps: Consult a Fertility Specialist: Having had an ectopic pregnancy may impact your ability to conceive in the future, especially if a fallopian tube was removed. Discussing your fertility concerns with a specialist can provide valuable insights and guidance. Wait Before Trying Again: It’s advisable to wait for your body to heal before attempting another pregnancy. Many experts suggest waiting at least 3 months to allow for a proper recovery. Monitor Your Body for Changes: Since ectopic pregnancy increases the risk of recurrence, it’s essential to be vigilant about any signs or symptoms of pregnancy. Promptly consult your doctor if you suspect another pregnancy and take the necessary precautions. Take Care of Your Mental Health: Dealing with the aftermath of an ectopic pregnancy can be emotionally challenging. Don’t hesitate to seek support from mental health professionals, such as counselors or therapists, to navigate through this difficult time. Tips to Lower the Risk of Ectopic Pregnancy While there’s no guaranteed way to prevent ectopic pregnancy, certain lifestyle choices can help reduce the risk: Use Condoms: Using condoms during sexual intercourse can lower the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease and sexually transmitted infections, which are associated with ectopic pregnancy. Avoid Vaginal Douching: Research suggests that vaginal douching may increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy. Avoiding this practice can help minimize the likelihood of experiencing such complications. Sources Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing National Health Service (U.K.) University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center The March of Dimes American Society of Reproductive Medicine Mayo Clinic UT Southwestern Medical System J Emerg Trauma Shock Ectopic Pregnancy Foundation American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists KidsHealth/Nemours Annals of Emergency Medicine Cleveland Clinic Merck Manual ISUOG April 7, 2024 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestLinkedinEmail
Trisomy 18 Syndrome TRISOMY 18 SYNDROME by Justina April 7, 2024 written by Justina Trisomy 18 Syndrome, also known as Edwards syndrome, stems from a glitch in your chromosomes, those tiny structures inside cells that harbor genes – the blueprints for making each part of a baby’s body. Named after the doctor who first identified it, this condition arises when there are three copies of chromosome 18 instead of the usual two in the body’s cells. When an egg and sperm unite to form an embryo, their chromosomes mingle. Each baby typically inherits 23 chromosomes from the mother’s egg and 23 from the father’s sperm, making a total of 46. However, sometimes, either the egg or sperm may carry an incorrect number of chromosomes. If this happens and fertilization occurs, the mistake gets passed on to the developing baby. In the case of trisomy 18, the term “trisomy” denotes an extra chromosome present in some or all of the body’s cells. For instance, in trisomy 18, the baby ends up with three copies of chromosome 18, leading to abnormal development in many of the baby’s organs. Types Full trisomy 18: This occurs when there is an extra chromosome 18 in every cell of the baby’s body. It’s the most common type of trisomy 18. Partial trisomy 18: In this type, the child possesses only a portion of an extra chromosome 18. This additional segment may be attached to another chromosome in the egg or sperm, a condition known as translocation. Partial trisomy 18 is exceedingly rare. Mosaic trisomy 18: Here, the extra chromosome 18 is present in only some of the baby’s cells. This form of trisomy 18 is also uncommon. Prevalence of Trisomy 18 Trisomy 18 ranks as the second most prevalent trisomy syndrome, following trisomy 21 (Down syndrome). Approximately 1 in every 5,000 babies are born with trisomy 18, with a majority being female. However, the actual incidence might be higher as many babies with trisomy 18 do not survive beyond the second or third trimester of pregnancy. Symptoms of Trisomy 18 Babies with trisomy 18 typically exhibit various serious health issues and physical abnormalities, including: Cleft palate Clenched fists with overlapping fingers that are difficult to straighten Lung, kidney, and stomach/intestinal defects Rocker-bottom feet deformity Feeding difficulties Heart defects such as atrial septal defect or ventricular septal defect Low-set ears Severe developmental delays and intellectual disabilities Chest deformity Slow growth Microcephaly (small head) Micrognathia (small jaw) Weak cry Risk Factors for Trisomy 18 The likelihood of having a child with trisomy 18 escalates with the mother’s age, although women of any age can give birth to a baby with this condition. Unfortunately, there are no preventive measures to reduce the chances of having a child with trisomy 18 since it results from a chromosomal disorder. If you’ve previously had a baby with trisomy 18, the risk of having another one is between 0.5% to 1%. However, if you or your partner carries a chromosome disorder predisposing to partial trisomy 18, the risk of recurrence could soar up to 20%. Diagnosis of Trisomy 18 Initially, doctors typically conduct a screening test using the mother’s blood to assess the risk of trisomy 18 and other diseases stemming from chromosome abnormalities. Although this test cannot provide a definitive diagnosis, it indicates whether the baby is at risk. To confirm trisomy 18, the doctor performs procedures like amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS), where cells from the amniotic fluid or placenta are extracted and analyzed for chromosomal abnormalities. These tests are usually conducted following the screening test, bearing in mind their slight risk of causing miscarriage or premature labor. CVS, conducted in the first trimester, and amniocentesis, performed in the second or third trimester, aid in diagnosing trisomy 18. Trisomy 18 Ultrasound Around the 12th week of pregnancy or later, an ultrasound scan provides visual insights into the fetus’s condition. Although it may offer clues about trisomy 18, the diagnosis is typically confirmed through CVS or amniocentesis. Ultrasound findings indicative of trisomy 18 may include smaller size, intestinal issues, and limb abnormalities like clenched fists. Following birth, the doctor may suspect trisomy 18 based on the baby’s facial and bodily features. A blood sample is then taken to confirm the chromosomal disorder. Additionally, the chromosome blood test assists in gauging the likelihood of having another child with trisomy 18. Concerned parents, particularly those with a history of trisomy 18 in a previous pregnancy, may seek guidance from a genetic counselor. Treatments Trisomy 18 cannot be cured, and treatment primarily revolves around providing supportive medical care to enhance the child’s quality of life. This may involve: Surgeries, particularly for correcting heart defects. Administration of medications. Utilization of feeding tubes for proper nutrition. Use of breathing tubes to assist with respiration. Focus on comfort care rather than aggressive treatments. Previously, babies born with trisomy 18 weren’t typically resuscitated at birth due to bleak long-term survival prospects. However, current guidelines have evolved, and resuscitation of infants with trisomy 18 is now more commonplace. The Textbook of Neonatal Resuscitation has revised its stance, no longer categorizing trisomy 18 as a condition where non-resuscitation at birth is ethically acceptable. Life Expectancy Due to the severe physical defects associated with trisomy 18, many affected babies do not survive to birth. Approximately half of full-term pregnancies end in stillbirth, with boys being more susceptible than girls. Among those who are born alive, half pass away within the first week of life, and less than 10% celebrate their first birthday. Those who do surpass this milestone often face significant health challenges necessitating extensive care. Only a tiny fraction of individuals with trisomy 18 reach their 20s or 30s. Emotional Support and Resources Coping with the challenges of having a child with trisomy 18 can be overwhelming for parents. Seeking support from organizations like the Chromosome 18 Registry & Research Society and the Trisomy 18 Foundation can provide invaluable assistance during this trying period. Trisomy 13 Trisomy 13, also known as Patau syndrome, is another chromosomal anomaly where the individual possesses three copies of chromosome 13 instead of the usual two. Similar to trisomy 18, trisomy 13 can manifest in various forms, including full trisomy, partial trisomy (via translocation), or mosaic trisomy. Babies with trisomy 13 typically exhibit severe medical complications and birth defects, such as heart abnormalities, spinal cord and brain disorders, cleft lip and/or palate, microphthalmia (underdeveloped eyes), extra digits, hypotonia (weak muscle tone), and abdominal organs protruding through the umbilical cord opening. Trisomy 13 affects approximately 1 in 16,000 births, with a majority of affected fetuses not surviving beyond the third trimester. Most infants born with trisomy 13 succumb to medical complications within days or weeks of birth, with only a small percentage surviving past their first year. While maternal age increases the risk, women of any age can have a child with trisomy 13. Diagnosis can occur before or after birth through similar testing methods used for trisomy 18 detection. Key Points about Trisomy 18 Trisomy 18 involves having three copies of chromosome 18 in the body’s cells instead of the usual two, leading to severe physical and mental disabilities. There is no cure for trisomy 18, but treatment options include surgeries, medications, breathing tubes, feeding tubes, or opting for comfort care. Life expectancy for individuals with trisomy 18 is typically a year or less. FAQs How old is the oldest living person with trisomy 18? The oldest reported individuals were in their early 40s a few years ago, but their current status is uncertain. Are babies with trisomy 18 less active in the womb? Yes, they often exhibit reduced activity in the womb. Sources March of Dimes Trisomy 18 Foundation National Institutes of Health Genetics Home Reference Merck Manual Professional Lucille Packard Children’s Hospital at Stanford Rumack, Carol M. Diagnostic Ultrasound StatPearls California Prenatal Screening Program Facts, Views and Vision in ObGyn Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia April 7, 2024 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestLinkedinEmail