Vaginal Yeast Infections

Have you ever felt itchy and uncomfortable “down there”? You’re not alone. Vaginal yeast infections are incredibly common, affecting roughly 75% of women at least once in their lifetime.

What is a Yeast Infection?

The vagina naturally harbors a healthy balance of bacteria and yeast. These bacteria, primarily lactobacilli, thrive due to estrogen and help keep harmful organisms at bay. However, when this balance gets disrupted, a specific fungus called candida can overgrow, leading to a yeast infection.

Recognizing the Symptoms

Itching and discomfort are hallmark signs of a yeast infection, but there are other symptoms to watch for:

• Burning, redness, and swelling in the vagina and vulva (the external female genitalia)
• Pain or burning sensations while urinating
• Discomfort during sexual intercourse
• A thick, white discharge resembling cottage cheese, which is odorless
• Watery discharge
• Development of a vaginal rash
• Small cuts or tiny cracks in the skin of the vulva

Causes of Yeast Infections: What You Should Know

Yeast infections can occur due to various factors, including:

1. Hormonal Changes: Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as those experienced during pregnancy, breastfeeding, menopause, or while taking birth control pills, can disrupt the vaginal balance.
2. Diabetes: Poorly controlled diabetes can lead to increased sugar levels in the vaginal mucous membranes, providing an environment conducive to yeast overgrowth.
3. Antibiotics: The use of antibiotics can disturb the natural balance of beneficial bacteria in the vagina, making it easier for yeast to proliferate.
4. Douches and Vaginal Sprays: Products like douches and vaginal sprays can alter the vaginal pH and disrupt the natural flora, potentially leading to yeast overgrowth.
5. Weakened Immune System: Individuals with conditions such as HIV or other immune system disorders may be more susceptible to uncontrolled yeast growth.
6. Sexual Activity: Although yeast infections are not classified as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), they can be transmitted through sexual contact.
7. Stress: Studies suggest that stress can impact the growth of the candida fungus. While research primarily stems from laboratory studies, it’s understood that the fungus reacts to stressors. In real-life conditions within the human body, various stress factors influence its ability to cause infection.

Getting a Diagnosis: A Simple Process

Diagnosis usually involves a physical examination of the vulva and vagina by a doctor or nurse. They might also take a discharge sample for lab analysis.

Combating the Discomfort: Treatment Options

Most yeast infections are treated with over-the-counter antifungal creams, ointments, or suppositories containing clotrimazole or miconazole. Treatment typically lasts 1-7 days. Oral antifungal medications like fluconazole or ibrexafungerp may also be prescribed.

Considerations for Pregnancy

If pregnant, creams or suppositories are safe for yeast infections, but oral medications should be avoided. It’s important to note that some antifungal treatments can weaken condoms or diaphragms, increasing the risk of pregnancy or STIs. Always read instructions carefully before use.

Recurring Yeast Infections: A Persistent Foe

Women with diabetes or weakened immune systems may experience recurrent yeast infections, known as recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC). For those who get them at least four times a year, a doctor might recommend weekly fluconazole pills for six months to prevent future occurrences. Oteseconazole is another option for those with recurring infections who don’t want to get pregnant.

Prevention is Key

While more research is needed, some studies suggest that consuming probiotic yogurt or taking Lactobacillus acidophilus supplements might help prevent yeast infections by limiting yeast growth in the vagina. Here are additional preventive measures:

1. Choose Cotton Underwear: Opt for breathable cotton underwear, which helps keep the genital area dry and discourages yeast growth.
2. Keep Skin Dry: Moist environments promote yeast growth, so it’s important to keep the genital area dry. After swimming or bathing, thoroughly dry the area, and avoid staying in damp clothing for extended periods.
3. Avoid Douching: Douching disrupts the natural balance of bacteria and yeast in the vagina, making it more susceptible to infections.
4. Steer Clear of Feminine Deodorants: These products may contain chemicals that disrupt the vaginal pH balance, increasing the risk of yeast infections.
5. Opt for Scent-Free Tampons or Pads: Fragrances in feminine hygiene products can irritate the vaginal area and promote yeast growth. Choose unscented options whenever possible.
6. Use Water-Based Sexual Lubricants: Oil-based lubricants can weaken condoms and increase the risk of yeast infections. Opt for water-based lubricants instead.
7. Manage Blood Sugar Levels: If you have diabetes, keeping your blood sugar levels under control can help prevent yeast infections, as high sugar levels create an environment conducive to yeast growth.

Always remember:

Yeast infections are a prevalent issue, but they are treatable. If you experience symptoms, consult a doctor for diagnosis and appropriate treatment. By understanding the causes and implementing preventive measures, you can minimize your risk of future occurrences.

Sources:

• CDC: “2010 STD Treatment Guidelines.”
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: “Vulvovaginal Health.”
• WomensHealth.gov: “Vaginal Yeast Infections.”
• Mycopathologia: “Impact of eating probiotic yogurt on colonization by Candida species of the oral and vaginal mucosa in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women.”
• Mayo Clinic: “Mayo Clinic Q and A: Vaginal infections have similar symptoms, require different treatments.”
• Mount Sinai: “Vaginal yeast infection.”
• Johns Hopkins: “Yeast Infection.”
• MyHealth.Alberta.ca: “Yeast infection.”
• Journal of Experimental Biology: “Stress adaptation in a pathogenic fungus.”
• Office on Women’s Health: “Vaginal yeast infections.”
• UpToDate: “Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics).”
• Cleveland Clinic: “Vaginal Yeast Infection.”